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101.
Three studies explored the relation between affect and production of creative divergent thinking, assessed with the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (Figural TTCT). In the first study, general, positive, and negative affect, assessed with the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) were compared with creative production. In the second study, 2 affective states—happiness and sadness—were induced by means of 2 film sets, and creative production under these 2 conditions was compared. In the third study, using masked facial feedback, 2 affective states were induced: happiness—by requesting participants to hold a pencil in their teeth—and anger—by holding it with their lips—and creative production under both induced affects, as well as with a previous noninduced affect, was compared. In general terms, the results of all 3 studies show that positive affect, both general positive affect and the happy affect induced in the two experimental manipulations, increased the production of creative divergent thinking. Negative affect had no impact on the production of creative divergent thinking, neither general negative affect nor the experimentally induced affects of sadness and anger. In masked induction, the induced positive affect improved creative production, compared to the noninduced control situation; in contrast, the induced negative affect presented no differences in creative production, compared to its previous noninduced condition. 相似文献
102.
Ekhard K.H. Salje Daniel Enrique Soto-Parra Antoni Planes Eduard Vives Marius Reinecker Wilfried Schranz 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(8):554-560
The failure mechanism of porous materials under uniaxial stress has been investigated experimentally. Microporous SiO2, Vycor, has been subjected to slowly increasing compressive uniaxial stress with stress rates between 0.2 and 12.2?kPa/s. With increasing stress the strain changes stepwise with acoustic emission correlated with each volume collapse. The acoustic emission followed the characteristics of ‘crackling noise’ with a power law distribution over an exceptionally large interval of 6 decades at the slowest stress rate. The power law exponent is ?1.39. Possible applications in mining industry and others are discussed. 相似文献
103.
Rocío Fernández Ballesteros Enrique Vila Abad Javier Tejedor Tejedor 《Estudios de Psicología》2013,34(4):146-160
RESUMENEn este trabajo los autores presentan una primera adaptación al castellano del Test Discriminativo Neurológico Rápido (QNST), de Mutti, Sterling y Spalding (1974–1978). Para ello comienzan describiendo los catorce subtests que componen la prueba, cómo se corrige y los estudios de validez y fiabilidad realizados. Seguidamente presentan su propio estudio del test, teniendo en cuenta variables tales como edad, sexo, “status” y procedencia rural-urbana (esta última sólo para seleccionar la muestra) y realizan unos baremos referidos a una muestra de la población española. Los autores encuentran que los siete y ocho años son edades clave en las que se producen cambios significativos en la ejecución del QNST, que las diferencias encontradas según el sexo son mínimas y que el nivel cultural influye en la realización de algunas tareas. 相似文献
104.
In an eye movement experiment, we examined the use of reanalysis strategies during the reading of locally ambiguous but globally unambiguous Spanish sentences. Among other measures, we examined regressive eye movements made while readers were recovering in reading mild garden path sentences. The sentences had an adverbial clause that, depending on the mood (indicative vs. subjunctive) of the subordinate clause verb, could attach high (to the main verb of the sentence) or low (to the verb in the subordinate clause). Although Spanish speakers favor low attachment, the high attachment version was quite easy to understand. Readers predominately used two alternative strategies to recover from the mild garden path in our sentences. In the more common reanalysis strategy, their eyes regressed from the last region (disambiguation+ 1) directly to the main verb in the sentence. Following this, they reread the rest of the sentence, fixating the next region and the adverb (the beginning of the ambiguous part of the sentence). Less frequently, readers regressed from the last region (disambiguation+1) directly to the adverb. We argue that both types of strategies are consistent with a selective reanalysis process as described by Frazier and Rayner (1982). 相似文献
105.
Conditioning methodologies associated with the psychology of learning are suggested as a new strategy to investigate behavior of the assassin bug Rhodnius prolixus, which is the main vector of Chagas disease in Venezuela. Chagas disease is the fourth leading cause of death in Latin America, as it causes severe chronic illness and approximately 43,000 deaths per year. To illustrate this strategy, two preliminary experiments are reported. In the first, Pavlovian conditioning was examined by pairing an olfactory conditioned stimulus with a temperature unconditioned stimulus. A temperature of 42 degrees C elicits a complex behavioral sequence in R. prolixus consisting of proboscis extension and crawling. Over the course of 12 training trials, this behavioral sequence was not elicited by an olfactory conditioned stimulus. In the second experiment, a latent inhibition paradigm was used to pre-expose R. prolixus to an olfactory conditioned stimulus before pairing the odor with temperature. Over the course of training, an effect of pre-exposure was found. Suggestions for research are discussed and potential conditioned and unconditioned stimuli identified. 相似文献
106.
Regression analyses from a nationally representative sample of 10,235 adult Spaniards, provided in 1995 from the Spanish Demands of Security and Victimization Survey, showed a small and positive relationship between high neighbourhood social disorder and perceived frequency of domestic violence against women in Spanish families, after controlling for sociodemographic variables and size of city. Among sociodemographic variables, sex had the strongest association with neighbourhood social disorder, being more than twice as large as neighbourhood social disorder. 相似文献
107.
Extinction after training with continuous (CR) or 50% partial (PR) reinforcement, and with different magnitudes of reward, was studied in the amphibian Bufo arenarum, in a runway situation. In Experiment 1, a group of toads received massed-trial, CR training with access to water as the reward. Performance improved during acquisition, including an improvement on the first trial of each session. Extinction was rapid and there was evidence for spontaneous recovery of the running response. In Experiment 2, groups of toads received PR or CR training at a rate of one trial per day. PR impaired acquisition and resulted in poor responding during extinction, compared to CR. Experiment 3 factorially studied the effects of schedule (PR vs CR) and distribution of practice (15 s vs 300 s intertrial interval). Acquisition was impaired by PR training but had little effect on extinction performance. Different magnitudes of water reinforcement were used in Experiment 4 in a one-trial-per-day situation. Terminal acquisition performance was a monotonic function of reward magnitude, but there were no differences in extinction performance across groups. The results are discussed in relation to comparative and developmental data on the paradoxical effects of reward. 相似文献
108.
J. Richard Simon Enrique Acosta Steven P. Mewaldt Cynthia R. Speidel 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1976,19(1):16-22
Two experimental paradigms were used to investigate the interference which occurs in a choice RT task when the source of a stimulus does not correspond with its meaning. In one paradigm, subjects were instructed to delay executing their response to a red or green light until they heard a go signal which was presented 0, 150,250, or 350 msec after the light. In the other paradigm, subjects translated the pitch of a tone into an appropriate keypress response. For some groups, the stimulus response connections were specified prior to or simultaneously with the presentation of the stimulus tone, while, for other groups, the labeling of the response keys followed the onset of the tone. Results indicated that irrelevant directional cues produce interference which affects the response selection stage and persists for approximately 250 msec 相似文献
109.
Shirley M. Louth Sherrie Williamson Murray Alpert Enrique R. Pouget Robert D. Hare 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》1998,27(3):375-384
A key feature of psychopathy is the ability to deceive, manipulate, and con the unwary, while seeming to be perfectly sincere. Is this impression of sincerity achieved solely through body gestures and facial expression, or is there also something different about the voice quality of psychopaths? We analyzed the acoustic characteristics of speech in 20 male offenders (10 psychopaths and 10 nonpsychopaths), assessed with the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (Hare, 1991). We used a computer program developed by Alpert, Merewether, Homel, Martz, and Lomask (1986) to measure variations in amplitude and prosody. Results indicated that psychopaths spoke more quietly than controls and did not differentiate, in voice emphasis, between neutral and affective words. These findings are consistent with the developing view that psychopaths are insensitive to the emotional connotations of language. In addition, their vocal characteristics may be part of a self-presentation mode designed to manipulate and control interpersonal interactions. 相似文献
110.
Joaquim Soler Juan Carlos Pascual Thaïs Tiana Anabel Cebrià Judith Barrachina M. Josefa Campins Ignasi Gich Enrique Alvarez Víctor Pérez 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(5):353-358
Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) has proven to be an effective treatment in borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, the effectiveness in BPD of DBT skills training (DBT-ST) alone is not known. This study aimed at comparing the efficacy of DBT-ST and standard group therapy (SGT) for outpatients with BPD. Sixty patients meeting the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for BPD, as assessed by two semi-structured diagnostic interviews, were included in a 3-month, single-blind randomised controlled trial. A total of 13 weekly group psychotherapy sessions of 120 min of either SGT or DBT-ST were conducted. Assessments were carried out every 2 weeks by two blinded evaluators. Observer-rater, self-report scales and behavioural reports were used as outcome measures. DBT-ST was associated with lower dropout rates, 34.5% compared to 63.4% with SGT. It was superior to SGT in improving several mood and emotion areas, such as: depression, anxiety, irritability, anger and affect instability. A reduction in general psychiatric symptoms was also observed. Three-months weekly DBT-ST proved useful. This therapy was associated with greater clinical improvements and lower dropout rates than SGT. DBT-ST seems to play a role in the overall improvement of BPD seen with standard DBT intervention. It allows straightforward implementation in a wide range of mental health settings and provides the additional advantage that it is cost effective. 相似文献