Sobre los orígenes de la psicología científica en España: El papel del movimiento krausista

Resumen

Parece incuestionable que una de las principales líneas de penetración de la psicología científica en España se realiza a través de la influencia del krausismo positivo. El presente artículo intenta analizar y comprender este fenómeno. En primer lugar, se expone la situación científica y filosófica española en el momento en que la psicología europea adquiere con Wundt el carácter de disciplina independiente: la precaria situación de la ciencia experimental en España pone en manos de los filósofos (especialmente los vinculados a la tradición krausista) la tarea de incorporar los resultados de la nueva ciencia psicológica. En segundo lugar, se destacan algunas de las principales aportaciones psicológicas de ese pensamiento krausopositivista. Y, finalmente, como explicación de este hecho, se pone de relieve la centralidad que la temática psicológica tenía ya en el pensamiento krausista anterior; es, por tanto, la fidelidad a los propios principios de este pensamiento lo que impulsa a un diálogo con la psicología europea del momento, según las directrices que ésta marcaba.     

Estrategias de decisión de un jurado bajo condiciones de simulación

Resumen

El objeto de esta investigación es analizar el proceso de decisión de un jurado bajo condiciones de simulación. A través de dos experimentos en que se manipula la forma de presentación de la información, se estudian los efectos de la regla de decisión y de las instrucciones en el veredicto y los efectos de la deliberación. Se defiende la hipótesis de que la regla de decisión y las instrucciones tienen respectivamente efectos informativos y normativos sobre el veredicto, y que la deliberación tiene efectos informativos. Estos efectos, sin embargo, sólo resultan parcialmente evidentes en el contexto de una estrategia de juicio compensatoria que supone el procesamiento analítico de la evidencia aportada en el juicio. Los resultados muestran que los sujetos cambian de estrategia cuando cambia la forma de presentación y el tipo de respuesta solicitada que es holística, de elección y no compensatoria en la presentación simultánea y analítica, de juicio y compensatoria en la presentación secuencial. Sólo cuando la deliberación supone un cambio de estrategia tiene un efecto sobre el veredicto que es más favorable que lo que lo era inicialmente para el acusado. Los resultados parecen adecuarse a un modelo de acumulación de evidencia que afecta a la evaluación de los ítems incriminatorios del caso.     

The Necessary Limits to Temptation: The Turnkey Project

In case of special engineering projects of important relevance it is interesting to pay attention to several possible risks; some of them are in the field of morality or ethics. Due to the social importance of these risks, additional considerations or even additional warranties are justified.     

Cognitive-behavioural treatment of pathological gambling in individuals with chronic schizophrenia: a pilot study

The current study aimed to test the clinical effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioural program (CBT) specifically adapted for pathological gamblers with chronic schizophrenia, carried out in a naturalistic setting of community Mental Health Centres. Forty-four pathological gamblers with chronic schizophrenia were assigned either to a standard drug therapy for schizophrenia (control group) or to cognitive-behavioural therapy for pathological gambling plus a standard drug therapy for schizophrenia (experimental group). Psychological treatment comprised a 20-session program including psychoeducation, stimulus control, gradual exposure and relapse prevention. Therapeutic success was defined as abstinence or the occurrence of only 1 or 2 episodes of gambling during the follow-up period. While the patients treated in the experimental group showed a rate of success of 73.9%, only 19% of the participants belonging to the control group gave up gambling at the 3-month follow-up. The CBT group also did better than the control group in the number of gambling episodes and in the amount of money spent on gambling. However, the improvement of the experimental group was weaker at the 6- and 12-month follow-up. These findings support the beneficial effects of CBT as adjunctive therapy for patients with dual diagnoses (schizophrenia and pathological gambling).     

Spanish validation of an emotion-eliciting set of films

One of the main difficulties in the study of emotion is the induction of a real emotional response by means of artificial techniques. The aim of the current study is to validate the Spanish version of a set of films with the capacity to induce emotions (PIE) under laboratory conditions and to analyze its capacity to provoke differentiated basic emotions. A sample of 127 subjects took part in the study; 57 excerpts of Spanish-dubbed films with capacity in previous studies to induce 7 emotions: anger, fear, sadness, disgust, amusement, tenderness, and neutral emotion were used. Subjective emotional response was measured using the Self-Assessment Manikins and the Discrete Emotions Questionnaire. Films included showed a good capacity to induce positive and negative affects, high levels of emotional activation and variations in the perception of emotional control. They induced basic emotions of amusement and fear in a differentiated way. However, sadness and disgust could not be significantly differentiated from anger; or anger and tenderness from sadness. The PIE could be a useful tool for the experimental research of emotions in Spanish populations.     

ROC and z-ROC analysis in recognition memory: continuous, threshold, and asymmetric models

In this research, we applied the operating characteristic of the receiver (ROC) to evaluate item-recognition memory by means of open class words (CA) and closed class words (CC). The purpose was to evaluate memory processes and models, according to the type of stimuli used: words in Spanish, classified according to grammar characteristics. To register the data, a rating scale was applied to obtain the appropriate response levels. Statistically significant differences between the processing of both types of words were obtained. We evaluated models of threshold, continuous, and unequal variance. As a result, we could contribute to the resolution of the present controversy about the models adapted to evaluate the memory of item recognition. Lastly, the differentiation and integration of the models from an empirical point of view is discussed.     

Web of Science production quality indicators of ten professors' at the area of personality, assessment and psychological treatment: additional contributions to Olivas-Ávila y Musi-Lechuga study

Rankings of scientific productivity are increasingly relevant both from an individual and a collective perspective. Therefore, making sure they are based on reliable and exhaustive information is really important. This study clearly shows that available rankings change dramatically when internationally acknowledged bibliometric indices are considered. Data from the 10 Professors belonging to the 'Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatment' Department considered in the recent analysis by Olivas-ávila y Musi-Lechuga ( Psicothema 2010. Vol. 22, no 4, pp. 909-916) are revisited here for illustrative purposes.     

An exploratory study of the relationship between diverse life events and specific personality disorders in a sample of suicide attempters

Personality disorder (PD) increases risk for suicidal behavior. Certain life events (LE) can precipitate suicidal behaviors in patients with PD. A fundamental question is whether specific combinations of LE and PD increase suicidal risk. Four hundred forty-six suicide attempters (SA) were recruited from emergency rooms. We used a healthy control group (n = 515) to identify the best cut-off point for the instrument used to diagnose PD. We used the DSM-IV version of the International Personality Disorder Questionnaire-Screening Questionnaire, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and the Social Adjustment Scale to assess PD, Axis I disorders, and LE, respectively. After controlling for Axis I disorders, we found that "Death of spouse" preceded suicidal acts in those with antisocial PD (FET p = 0.024) and patients with narcissistic PD attempted suicide after being Fired at work (FET p = 0.002), among others. Our data suggest the presence of particular LE-PD associations in suicide attempters. Some LE-PD relationships appear independent of Axis I disorders in suicide attempters. This may offer a basis for specific targeted therapies or prevention programs aimed at decreasing suicidal risk.     

Historiography of psychology in Spain: the last decade

History of psychology has been an extremely active field for many years in Spain. Both the great expansion of psychological studies and the inclusion of history as a compulsory subject in the psychology curriculum are crucial factors helping to understand the current state of affairs. The aim of this paper is to provide a survey of the work done in this area over the last decade, covering research, teaching, and institutional developments. The study includes consideration of aspects such as main research lines, major theoretical and methodological trends, teaching materials, relevant archives and exhibits, and significant websites.     

A New Experience: The Course of Ethics in Engineering in the Department of Civil Engineering,University of Granada

A course in professional ethics for civil engineers was taught for the first time in Spain during the academic year 2007/08. In this paper a survey on the satisfaction and expectation of the course is presented. Surprisingly the students sought moral and ethical principles for their own ordinary lives as well as for their profession. Students were concerned about the law, but in their actions they were more concerned with their conscience, aware that it can be separate from the law.