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91.
Ying‐Min Zou Ke Ni Yan‐Yu Wang En‐Qing Yu Simon S. Y. Lui Fu‐Chun Zhou Han‐Xue Yang Alex S. Cohen Gregory P. Strauss Eric F. C. Cheung Raymond C. K. Chan 《PsyCh Journal》2020,9(2):210-222
Amotivational symptoms are observed in schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). Effort–cost computation may be a potential contributor to amotivation transdiagnostically. This study examined effort–cost computation in these three diagnostic groups. This study recruited 141 outpatients (49 SCZ, 52 non‐psychotic BD, and 40 non‐psychotic MDD) and 57 healthy controls (HCs). We administered the Effort‐Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT), which manipulated different levels of reward magnitude and probability relating to a high and low physical effort task. There were significant interactions between group and reward magnitude, group and reward probability, and group and expected value on the percentage of high‐effort choices. SCZ, BD, and MDD patients made comparably fewer high‐effort choices than HCs in the high‐reward magnitude, high‐reward probability, and high‐expected‐value conditions. Self‐reported amotivation did not correlate with decision‐making on the EEfRT. Our findings suggest that reduced effort expenditure for reward is a transdiagnostic phenotype in SCZ, BD, and MDD. 相似文献
92.
本研究有六个小班的96名三岁至四岁半的儿童参加,其中48名为非独生子,48名为本班的配对独生子。使用的方法为观察与问卷。结果表明:三至四岁半的独生子与非独生子入幼儿园第一个月的适应行为无显著差异。报告也讨论了影响入园困难的因素,研究入园问题的良好指标以及有效的教学措施等。 相似文献
93.
研究采用定性分析的方法,旨在探索我国被拆迁者在拆迁过程中的心理特征。通过对杭州下沙经济开发区的110名被拆迁者进行访谈、资料分析,从而对他们在拆迁过程中的意识和行为进行剖析。结果主要从心理状态、拆迁意识、拆迁计划、自我调节、社会支持和满意度6个方面来探讨拆迁者的心理过程。 相似文献
94.
基督教之所以能迅速地突破民族、国家和地区的限制而走向世界,绝非偶然.这既有客观的历史原因,又有不同于其他国家宗教和民族宗教的内在宗教素质.罗马帝国的"世界性"范围,罗马帝国统治集团的大力扶持利用,基督教对犹太教的超越,基督教教义思想具有的"普世性",基督教着重个人体验的信仰途径以及简便易行的宗教礼仪,基督教组织的发展变化等多种因素使基督教很快走向世界.在基督教发展成为世界性宗教的过程中,保罗等人起了重要作用,他对早期基督教教义的改造适应了时代的需要. 相似文献
95.
Individualism is a fundamental value to U.S. culture and democracy. We differentiate the horizontal from vertical dimension of individualism to predict voting in the 2004 presidential election. Horizontal individualism (HI) values equality and uniqueness, whereas vertical individualism (VI) values competition and achievement. In line with the value-expressive function of attitudes and voter–politician congruency principles, we show how and when HI and VI affect voters' attitudes and voting. A pilot study revealed that VI correlated with vote; those who scored higher on VI were more likely to vote for Bush. Study 1 replicated these findings with a broader sample and a regression approach. The influence of individualism was less predictive than VI in both studies. In Study 2, we proposed that the effect of VI and HI values on voting decisions is mediated by political conservatism, which in turn predicts voters' trait assessment of candidates and voting decision. Path analysis of the data from a national survey supported our expectation among respondents with high political involvement, the context in which value-expressive attitudes are more pronounced. Taken together, these studies advance our theoretical understanding of HI, VI, and individualism, as well as the process underlying the effect of values on decisions. 相似文献
96.
Nanoparticles on the fracture surfaces of Co- and Fe-based metallic glasses during quasi-static compression at room temperature have been observed using a high-resolution scanning electron microscope. In terms of the differential scanning calorimeter, those nanoparticles were identified to be a result of nanocrystallization induced by the rapid fracture. Finally, the nanocrystallization behavior was evaluated by taking into account the super-high crack propagation rate and high elastic energy, which contributed to the local temperature rise up to the onset of crystallization, T x. 相似文献
97.
98.
Prior research in social psychology indicates that East Asians from collectivistic and interdependent sociocultural systems are more sensitive to contextual information than Westerners, whereas Westerners with individualistic and independent representation have a tendency to process focal and discrete attributes of the environment. Here we have demonstrated that such systematic cultural variations can also be observed in cyberspace, focusing on self‐presentation of photographs on Facebook, the most popular worldwide online social network site. We examined cultural differences in face/frame ratios for Facebook profile photographs in two studies. For Study 1, 200 digital profile face photographs of active Facebook users were randomly selected from native and immigrant Taiwanese and Americans. For Study 2, 312 Facebook profiles of undergraduate students of six public universities in East Asia (Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan) and the United States (California and Texas) were randomly selected. Overall, the two studies clearly showed that East Asian Facebook users are more likely to deemphasize their faces compared to Americans. Specifically, East Asians living in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan exhibited a predilection for context inclusiveness in their profile photographs, whereas Americans tended to prioritize their focal face at the expense of the background. Moreover, East Asian Facebook users had lower intensity of facial expression than Americans on their photographs. These results demonstrate marked cultural differences in context‐inclusive styles versus object‐focused styles between East Asian and American Facebook users. Our findings extend previous findings from the real world to cyberspace, and provide a novel approach to investigate cognition and behaviors across cultures by using Facebook as a data collection platform. 相似文献
99.
Static models of culture's influence have given way to a dynamic view, which identifies not only differences across cultures in people's judgments and decisions, but also the situations and conditions in which these differences do or do not appear. Theory and evidence developed from a cognitive psychological perspective underlie this dynamic approach, including research emerging from the “dynamic constructivist” and “situated cognition” models. In the present review, we focus on findings that confirm the utility of this cognitively oriented approach, and briefly discuss the advantages and complementary nature of the “social collective” and neuroscience approaches to understanding culture. 相似文献
100.
提出了两种适用于定长CD-CAT的题目曝光控制方法（HIRP、HIRT）,这些方法在保证较高分类准确率的同时还有较合理的题目曝光率,新方法由二分化方法和RP及RT方法进行结合并适当调整而得到。模拟研究比较了其与RP、RT、SM、SMIE、RHA和SDBS的表现,结果表明: （1）HIRP的分类准确率和题目曝光率均好于SM、SMIE和SDBS;（2）HIRT的题目曝光率较RP、SM、SMIE、RHA和SDBS稍差,但分类准确率更高;（3）HIRP的分类准确率低于RT和RP,但题目曝光控制要更好。 相似文献