Parental, Behavioral, and Psychological Factors Associated with Cigarette Smoking among Secondary School Students in Nanjing, China

We designed this study to assess parental, behavioral, and psychological factors associated with tobacco use among Chinese adolescents. The data were collected from 995 middle school students in Nanjing, China. Both smoking experimentation and current smoking (smoking in the past 30 days) were assessed among the study sample. Psychosocial measures include family structure, problem behaviors, social influence of smoking (both parental and friends’ approval of smoking), depressive symptoms, social alienation, self-esteem, parental monitoring (social monitoring and academic monitoring) and parenting style (responsiveness and demandingness). Among the study sample (mean age 15.16 years and 50% females), 24% ever smoked and 15% smoked in the past 30 days. Advanced age, male gender, low family SES, low school performance and low educational aspiration were associated with both smoking experimentation and current smoking. Depressive symptoms, social alienation, low self-esteem, low social and academic monitoring, problem behaviors, low maternal and paternal responsiveness, peer smoking, parent smoking, and parental and friends’ approval of smoking were positively associated with current smoking among Chinese adolescents. Future tobacco use prevention efforts among Chinese adolescents need to consider the parental, behavioral, and psychological correlates identified in the current study.     

资本逻辑语境中的"伦理学贫困"及学者使命

资本是现代社会的基础和根据,而资本逻辑则成为现代世界的核心逻辑.由资本逻辑及其霸权统治导致的当代道德困境成为当代伦理学难以消解的生命之痛,由此呈现出其在现实生活面前的"贫困".因此,在检视并创新当代伦理学的过程中,我们不能丧失资本逻辑的审视维度,这特别有赖于学者自觉立足于当代世界的资本性质,担负起探求伦理学知识真理和守护社会道德价值的历史重任.     

Unitization mitigates interference by intrinsic negative emotion in familiarity and recollection of associative memory: Electrophysiological evidence

Emotion exerts varied influences on memory. While task-relevant item memory is often enhanced by emotion, associative memory is generally impaired. Unitization is known to improve associative memory, but its effects and mechanisms in protecting associative memory from emotional interference are rather obscure. The current study investigated associative memory by employing experimental manipulation of unitization (vs. nonunitization) encoding strategy and stimulus emotion (neutral, intrinsic negative, and extrinsic negative), combined with event-related potential (ERP) signatures of familiarity (FN400 old/new effects) and recollection (parietal late positive component/LPC old/new effects) in memory recognition. Both behavioral and ERP indices of associative recognition from the nonunitization group confirmed emotional interference in associative memory. Importantly, it was primarily intrinsic (vs. extrinsic) emotion that impeded associative memory. Unitization encoding improved memory performance in general, accompanied by enhanced recollection process and induction of familiarity process, which is typically not involved in associative memory recognition and was indeed absent in the nonunitization group. Importantly, unitization helped to preserve behavioral performance (specifically, response speed though not recognition strength) from interference by intrinsic emotion while largely reversed the detriment of intrinsic emotion on ERP indices of familiarity and recollection processes. Interestingly, a synergy between intrinsic emotion and unitization encoding was observed, which could underpin the facilitation of familiarity process in associative recognition of emotional pairs. Overall, current findings highlight interference by intrinsic emotion in associative memory, which is nonetheless responsive to mitigation by unitization encoding.     

论政治义务及其证成

公民的政治义务与国家的统治权利相对,是一种道德义务,不同于法律义务.政治义务问题是一组相关的问题,以公民为什么有服从义务为中心.义务与责任的区分对于政治义务问题意义重大.各种证成政治义务的进路都有问题,这把我们推向了无政府主义.     

Mortality of geriatric and younger patients with schizophrenia in the community

Little is known about the differences in mortality among non-institutionalized geriatric and younger patients with schizophrenia. In this study long-term mortality and suicidal behavior of all the geriatric (age > or = 65 years), middle-age (age 41-64 years), and young (age 15-40 years) subjects with schizophrenia living in a Chinese rural community were compared. A 10 year follow-up investigation among a 1994 cohort (n = 510) of patients with schizophrenia was conducted in Xinjin County, Chengdu, China. Compared with young subjects, geriatric subjects with schizophrenia were more likely to be female, have more previous physical illness, never accepted treatment, and practice religious (p < or = 0.01). There were no significant differences of suicide attempts among the three groups. Young subjects had a higher rate of suicide (1,033.8 per 100,000 person-years), and geriatric subjects had a higher rate of deaths due to other causes (accident and natural causes) (4,314.2 per 100,000 person-years). Standardized mortality ratios for both suicide and deaths due to other causes were highest in young subjects and the lowest in geriatric subjects. Patients with schizophrenia in all age groups had a marked increase in mortality and suicide. Specific intervention strategies for decreasing mortality and suicide should be developed for patients with schizophrenia in different age groups.     

重复学习对错误记忆通道效应的影响

本研究采用DRM范式以80名大学生为被试对错误记忆的通道效应进行了研究.实验采用三因素混合设计,运用信号检测论等方法探讨了重复学习对不同通道错误再认的影响.结果发现:1)汉语词表具有与英文词表不同的通道效应,表现为视觉学习的错误再认高于听觉学习;2)重复学习对视觉学习与听觉学习的错误再认产生分离性影响,即重复学习降低了视觉学习的错误再认,却提高了听觉学习的错误再认;3)信号检测论的分析表明:听觉学习在重复学习后对关键诱词的错误再认的增加是听觉学习对要义信息日益增加的敏感性连同较为宽松的提取标准协同起作用的结果.     

睡眠剥夺对连续作业的影响

将18名青年被试随机分为三组,Sd21h、SD45h和SD69h,SD前后用内田—克莱佩林测试。结果为：(1)SD后组间比较,UK作业量、错误数、后期增减率各组之间有显著差异;订正数各组之间没有显著差异;(2)SD前后自身比较,各组UK总量、后一部分总量、错误数和后期增减率有显著差异;订正数无显著差异;SD21组前一部分总量有显著差异;而SD45和SD69组前一部分总量无显著差异。该结果表明,SD后警赏水平下降,在SD45小时后下降更为明显;UK测验中的后期增减率可较好地反映SD后警赏水平的变化。     

高阶项目反应模型的发展与应用

在测量具有层阶结构的潜质时, 标准项目反应模型对项目参数估计和能力参数估计都具有较低的效率, 多维项目反应模型虽然在估计第一阶潜质时具有高效性, 但没有考虑到潜质层阶的情况, 所以它不适合用来处理具有层阶结构的潜质; 而高阶项目反应模型在处理这种具有层阶结构的潜质时, 不仅能够高效准确地对项目参数和能力参数进行估计, 而且还能同时获得高阶潜质与低阶潜质。目前存在的高阶项目反应模型有高阶DINA模型、高阶双参数正态肩型层阶模型、高阶逻辑斯蒂模型、多级评分的高阶项目反应模型和高阶题组模型。未来对高阶项目反应模型的研究方向应注意多水平高阶项目反应模型、项目内多维情况下的高阶项目反应模型以及高阶认知诊断模型。     

宗教社会作用二重性与党的宗教工作问题研究

宗教的社会作用问题,是马克思主义宗教观的一个重要理论观点,是正确认识和对待宗教问题的关键点之一;中国共产党提出的社会主义社会历史时期宗教社会作用两重性的重要论述,是对马克思主义宗教观关于宗教社会作用问题的丰富和发展,它与正确认识、对待社会主义条件下的宗教问题和全面做好党的宗教工作息息相关;在宗教工作实践中,我们应创造性地运用和发展这一理论观点,为构建和谐社会、全面实现建设小康和创新型国家的战略决策,作出应有的贡献。