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91.
Pseudowords play an important role in psycholinguistic experiments, either because they are required for performing tasks,
such as lexical decision, or because they are the main focus of interest, such as in nonwordreading and nonce-inflection studies.
We present a pseudoword generator that improves on current methods. It allows for the generation of written polysyllabic pseudowords
that obey a given language’s phonotactic constraints. Given a word or nonword template, the algorithm can quickly generate
pseudowords that match the template in subsyllabic structure and transition frequencies without having to search through a
list with all possible candidates. Currently, the program is available for Dutch, English, German, French, Spanish, Serbian,
and Basque, and, with little effort, it can be expanded to other languages. 相似文献
92.
Recent findings suggest the involvement of the cerebellum in perceptual and cognitive tasks. Our study investigated whether cerebellar patients show musical priming based on implicit knowledge of tonal-harmonic music. Participants performed speeded phoneme identification on sung target chords, which were either related or less-related to prime contexts in terms of the tonal-harmonic system. As groups, both cerebellar patients and age-matched controls showed facilitated processing for related targets, as previously observed for healthy young adults. The outcome suggests that an intact cerebellum is not mandatory for accessing implicit knowledge stored in long-term memory and for its influence on perception. One patient showed facilitated processing for less-related targets (suggesting sensory priming). The findings suggest directions for future research on auditory perception in cerebellar patients to further our understanding of cerebellar functions. 相似文献
93.
Iordanescu L Guzman-Martinez E Grabowecky M Suzuki S 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2008,15(3):548-554
In a natural environment, objects that we look for often make characteristic sounds. A hiding cat may meow, or the keys in
the cluttered drawer may jingle when moved. Using a visual search paradigm, we demonstrated that characteristic sounds facilitated
visual localization of objects, even when the sounds carried no location information. For example, finding a cat was faster
when participants heard a meow sound. In contrast, sounds had no effect when participants searched for names rather than pictures
of objects. For example, hearing “meow” did not facilitate localization of the word cat. These results suggest that characteristic sounds cross-modally enhance visual (rather than conceptual) processing of the
corresponding objects. Our behavioral demonstration of object-based cross-modal enhancement complements the extensive literature
on space-based cross-modal interactions. When looking for your keys next time, you might want to play jingling sounds. 相似文献
94.
Previous research by Dupoux et al. [Dupoux, E., Pallier, C., Sebastián, N., & Mehler, J. (1997). A destressing "deafness" in French? Journal of Memory Language 36, 406-421; Dupoux, E., Peperkamp, S., & Sebastián-Gallés (2001). A robust method to study stress' deafness. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 110, 1608-1618.] found that French speakers, as opposed to Spanish ones, are impaired in discrimination tasks with stimuli that vary only in the position of stress. However, what was called stress 'deafness' was only found in tasks that used high phonetic variability and memory load, not in cognitively less demanding tasks such as single token AX discrimination. This raised the possibility that instead of a perceptual problem, monolingual French speakers might simply lack a metalinguistic representation of contrastive stress, which would impair them in memory tasks. We examined a sample of 39 native speakers of French who underwent formal teaching of Spanish after age 10, and varied in degree of practice in this language. Using a sequence recall task, we observed in all our groups of late learners of Spanish the same impairment in short-term memory encoding of stress contrasts that was previously found in French monolinguals. Furthermore, using a speeded lexical decision task with word-nonword minimal pairs that differ only in the position of stress, we found that all late learners had much difficulty in the use of stress to access the lexicon. Our results show that stress 'deafness' is better interpreted as a lasting processing problem resulting from the impossibility for French speakers to encode contrastive stress in their phonological representations. This affects their memory encoding as well as their lexical access in on-line tasks. The generality of such a persistent suprasegmental 'deafness' is discussed in relation to current findings and models on the perception of non-native phonological contrasts. 相似文献
95.
This study investigated the relationship between personality and anxiety characteristics of Japanese students and their oral performance in English. The participants were 73 native‐speakers of Japanese who were studying English at various language schools in New Zealand. They were administered the Maudsley Personality Inventory, the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, and a story‐retelling task which was scored in terms of oral fluency, accuracy, complexity, and global impression. Significant correlations were found between extraversion and global impression scores, and state anxiety and clause accuracy scores. These findings suggest that participants who were more extraverted produced better global impressions during their oral performance, and those who were experiencing higher levels of state anxiety made more errors in their spoken use of clauses. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
96.
Emmanuel Devouche 《Infant and child development》2004,13(1):35-48
This study presents two experiments investigating 8‐ and 12‐month‐old infants' imitative behaviour. Seventy‐two 8‐month‐olds and seventy‐two 12‐month‐olds were observed in a triadic situation which included their mother and a stranger. Depending on the condition, either the mother or the stranger acted as the demonstrator and either stayed close or withdrew after the demonstration, during the response period. In addition to imitative acts, visual exploration and smiles addressed, respectively, to each partner were computed. Results showed that at both ages, neither the familiarity nor the position of the partner has an effect on the number of target gestures that are imitated. At 12 months, infants looked and smiled more at the stranger when he demonstrated target actions but no difference was found when the mother acted as demonstrator. Moreover, 12‐month‐old infants looked more at the demonstrating partner immediately after their first imitation. At 8 months, infants paid more attention to the stranger in all conditions except when the mother performed the target actions and moved away, a pattern that suggests a referencing to the mother. Results from the gaze and smile variables suggest that with age different motivations (social contact, exploration of objects) induce imitation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
97.
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99.
Emmanuel Levinas 《Man and World》1980,13(3-4):265-279
Sans résuméThe first seven articles of this double issue (namely those by Levinas, Taylor, Wilder, Ihde, Greimas, Panikkar, and Smith) were written in honor of Paul Ricur on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. These essays focus on the theme Meaning and Interpretation. 相似文献
100.
Emmanuel Ghent M.D. 《Psychoanalytic Dialogues》2013,23(3):479-491
In psychoanalytic psychotherapy we are primarily interested in psychic change and how to facilitate it for the better. Change is a universal property of matter, living or inanimate: everything in nature is influenced by everything else; interaction is ubiquitous. In the early years of psychoanalysis, the prevailing view was that therapeusis was essentially informational—insight and awareness would bring about changes in the ways one would experience events and respond to them. Over time, there has been a subtle shift from the informational perspective to the transformational, where insight is often retrospective rather than the active agent. The growing awareness of the need to be deeply recognized and responded to by another human being is reflective of this shift and has loomed ever larger in the interactive arena known as psychoanalysis. This paper focuses on a single facet of the need for recognition by another—the role of enacted response in effecting psychic change. It also addresses another level of the meaning of interaction: Whereas the internal interaction between perception and response has tended to be looked upon, in psychoanalysis, as unidirectional, the present discussion draws attention to the complexity of the bidirectional interaction between perception and response. 相似文献