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211.
Subjects were instructed to order stimuli, consisting of a white and a black part, in accordance with the perceived foreground-strength of the white (or black) part. It appeared that this task can be carried out consistently. The order is explained on the basis of Structural Information Theory. It is argued that this task involves central processes, and that the strength depends on the preference for an interpretation, in which the white (black) part is a foreground on a black (white) background, with respect to the opposed interpretation in which the white (black) part is the background and the black (white) part is foreground. 相似文献
212.
213.
The case study of an autistic “savant” subject with person names hypermnesia is presented. NM's performance in memorizing person names is compared to that of normal controls, IQ-matched controls, and one overtrained control. The data show a selective hypermnesia for both the free recall of person names and the recognition of faces. Recall of common names and of biographical informations linked to faces is unremarkable. NM's hypermnesia is restricted to list learning as low performance is observed in face-name learning tasks. A comparison of the data with that of the overtrained control indicates that training is not responsible for NM's pattern of results. These findings, when combined with previous results involving proper names, demonstrate a double dissociation between proper names and other types of semantic and referential information. However, aspects of NM's performance pattern are more compatible with a network model of proper names than with a sequential model. We propose that the contextual regularity of proper names in ecological situations can be responsible for their high memorization by NM. 相似文献
214.
We attempted to predict perceived musical tension in longer chord sequences by hierarchic and sequential models based on
Lerdahl and Jackendoff's and Lerdahl's cognitive theories and on Parncutt's sensory-psychoacoustical theory. Musicians and
nonmusicians were asked to rate the perceived tension of chords which were drawn either from a piece composed for the study
(Exp. 1) or from a Chopin Prelude (Exps. 2–4). In Exps. 3 and 4, several experimental manipulations were made to emphasize
either the global or the local structure of the piece and to verify how these manipultions would affect the respective contribution
of the models in the ratings. In all experiments, musical tension was only weakly influenced by global harmonic structure.
Instead, it mainly seemed to be determined locally, by harmonic cadences. The hierarchic model of Lerdahl and Jackendoff provided
the best fit to tension ratings, not because it accounted for global hierarchic effects, but because it captured the local
effect of cadences. By reacting to these local structures, tension ratings fit quite well with a hierarchic model, even though
the participants were relatively insensitive to the global structure of the pieces. As a main outcome, it is argued that musical
events were perceived through a short perceptual window sliding from cadence to cadence along a sequence.
Received: 24 March 1997 / Accepted: 10 May 1998 相似文献
215.
Five experiments investigated the formation of explicit knowledge of a repeating sequence in a sequential reaction time task. Reliable explicit knowledge was obtained even though various conditions prevented the selective improvement of RTs (Exps. 1–4). This knowledge emerged early during training. Participants were able to recognize segments of the sequence (Exps. 3 and 4) or correctly assess the probabilities of transition of the target between successive locations (Exp. 5) after only two blocks of training trials. These findings rule out an interpretation of sequence learning that posits that explicit knowledge emerges from implicit knowledge during the course of training. Although these findings are compatible with a framework centered around the notion of dissociation between implicit and explicit knowledge, they are also consonant with a questioning of the usefulness of the concept of implicit knowledge. 相似文献
216.
217.
The amygdala, the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG), and the medial hypothalamus have long been recognized to be a neural system responsible for the generation and elaboration of unconditioned fear in the brain. It is also well known that this neural substrate is under a tonic inhibitory control exerted by GABA mechanisms. However, whereas there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that the amygdala and dPAG are also able to integrate conditioned fear, it is still unclear, however, how the distinct hypothalamic nuclei participate in fear conditioning. In this work we aimed to examine the extent to which the gabaergic mechanisms of this brain region are involved in conditioned fear using the fear-potentiated startle (FPS). Muscimol, a GABA-A receptor agonist, and semicarbazide, an inhibitor of the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), were used as an enhancer and inhibitor of the GABA mechanisms, respectively. Muscimol and semicarbazide were injected into the anterior hypothalamus (AHN), the dorsomedial part of the ventromedial nucleus (VMHDM), the dorsomedial (DMH) or the dorsal premammillary (PMD) nuclei of male Wistar rats before test sessions of the fear conditioning paradigm. The injections into the DMH and PMD did not produce any significant effects on FPS. On the other hand, muscimol injections into the AHN and VMHDM caused significant reduction in FPS. These results indicate that injections of muscimol and semicarbazide into the DMH and PMD fail to change the FPS, whereas the enhancement of the GABA transmission in the AHN and VMHDM produces a reduction of the conditioned fear responses. On the other hand, the inhibition of this transmission led to an increase of this conditioned response in the AHN. Thus, whereas DMH and PMD are known to be part of the caudal-most region of the medial hypothalamic defensive system, which integrates unconditioned fear, systems mediating conditioned fear select the AHN and VMHDM nuclei that belong to the rostral-most portion of the hypothalamic defense area. Thus, distinct subsets of neurons in the hypothalamus could mediate different aspects of the defensive responses. 相似文献
218.
Moïra Mikolajczak Emmanuel Roy Valéry Verstrynge Olivier Luminet 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2009,100(4):699-715
Trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) refers to individual differences in the experience, perception, regulation, and utilization of emotions. Research has shown that trait EI moderated subjective and endocrine responses to both natural and laboratory stressors. This study explores, the cognitive processes underlying this effect, under the hypothesis that trait EI moderates the impact of stress on memory and/or attention. Results supported the hypothesis, but solely for the ‘regulation’ EI‐dimension (named self‐control or SC). In neutral conditions, high SC was characterized by an attentional focus to neutral material and a facilitated memory for positive events, whereas low SC was characterized by an attentional focus to emotional material (regardless of valence) and a facilitated memory for negative events. In stressful conditions, high SC individuals engaged attention to emotional material (regardless of valence) and recalled more negative events, while low SC individuals disengaged attention from emotional material and recalled more positive events. 相似文献
219.
Tannenbaum E 《Consciousness and cognition》2009,18(2):414-427
This paper argues that self-awareness emerges in organisms whose brains have a sufficiently integrated, complex ability for associative learning and memory. Continual sensory input of information related to the organism leads to the formation of a set of associations that may be termed an organismal “self-image”. After providing the basic mechanistic basis for the emergence of an organismal self-image, this paper proceeds to go through a representative list of behaviors associated with self-awareness, and shows how associative memory and learning, combined with an organismal self-image, leads to the emergence of these various behaviors. This paper also discusses various tautologies that invariably emerge when discussing self-awareness. We continue with various speculations on manipulating self-awareness, and discuss how concepts from set and logic theory may provide a useful set of tools for understanding the emergence of higher cognitive functions in complex organisms. 相似文献
220.
Emmanuel Guzman-Martinez Parkson Leung Steve Franconeri Marcia Grabowecky Satoru Suzuki 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(3):491-496
Maintenance of stable central eye fixation is crucial for a variety of behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging
experiments. Naive observers in these experiments are not typically accustomed to fixating, either requiring the use of cumbersome
and costly eyetracking or producing confounds in results. We devised a flicker display that produced an easily detectable
visual phenomenon whenever the eyes moved. A few minutes of training using this display dramatically improved the accuracy
of eye fixation while observers performed a demanding spatial attention cuing task. The same amount of training using control
displays did not produce significant fixation improvements, and some observers consistently made eye movements to the peripheral
attention cue, contaminating the cuing effect. Our results indicate that (1) eye fixation can be rapidly improved in naive
observers by providing real-time feedback about eye movements, and (2) our simple flicker technique provides an easy and effective
method for providing this feedback. S. Suzuki, satoru@northwestern.edu 相似文献