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901.
Ted K. Turesky Sarah K.G. Jensen Xi Yu Swapna Kumar Yingying Wang Danielle D. Sliva Borjan Gagoski Joseph Sanfilippo Lilla Zllei Emma Boyd Rashidul Haque Shahria Hafiz Kakon Nazrul Islam William A. Petri Charles A. Nelson Nadine Gaab 《Developmental science》2019,22(5)
Childhood poverty has been associated with structural and functional alterations in the developing brain. However, poverty does not alter brain development directly, but acts through associated biological or psychosocial risk factors (e.g. malnutrition, family conflict). Yet few studies have investigated risk factors in the context of infant neurodevelopment, and none have done so in low‐resource settings such as Bangladesh, where children are exposed to multiple, severe biological and psychosocial hazards. In this feasibility and pilot study, usable resting‐state fMRI data were acquired in infants from extremely poor (n = 16) and (relatively) more affluent (n = 16) families in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Whole‐brain intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) was estimated using bilateral seeds in the amygdala, where iFC has shown susceptibility to early life stress, and in sensory areas, which have exhibited less susceptibility to early life hazards. Biological and psychosocial risk factors were examined for associations with iFC. Three resting‐state networks were identified in within‐group brain maps: medial temporal/striatal, visual, and auditory networks. Infants from extremely poor families compared with those from more affluent families exhibited greater (i.e. less negative) iFC in precuneus for amygdala seeds; however, no group differences in iFC were observed for sensory area seeds. Height‐for‐age, a proxy for malnutrition/infection, was not associated with amygdala/precuneus iFC, whereas prenatal family conflict was positively correlated. Findings suggest that it is feasible to conduct infant fMRI studies in low‐resource settings. Challenges and practical steps for successful implementations are discussed. 相似文献
902.
Edward J. R. Clarke Mathew Ling Emily J. Kothe Anna Klas Ben Richardson 《Journal of applied social psychology》2019,49(6):349-360
Research consistently shows that right‐wing ideological adherents are more likely to deny climate change. However, less is known about how right‐wing ideological subtypes are uniquely related to climate change denial, as well as what explains these relationships. This study examines whether threat to the socioeconomic system in the form of climate change mitigation policies, referred to as Climate Change Mitigation Threat (CCMT), mediates the relationships between Right‐Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) subtypes and four forms of climate change denial (existence denial, human cause denial, impact denial and climate science denial). U.S. participants (N = 334; Mage = 34.70, SD = 5.98) were recruited via Amazon MTurk. When shared variance in the predictors was accounted for, we found that: (a) Conventionalism (RWA‐C) positively predicted all forms of climate change denial; (b) Dominance (SDO‐D) positively predicted existence denial; (c) Anti‐Egalitarianism (SDO‐E) positively predicted both human cause and impact denial; and (d) Aggression (RWA‐A) negatively predicted existence denial. All significant direct relationships were partially mediated by CCMT, except for the direct paths between SDO‐D and existence denial, and RWA‐A and existence denial. These findings suggest that right‐wing adherents who conform to societal norms and prefer unequal social systems may deny climate change partly due to a perception that mitigation strategies proposed to combat climate change threaten the existing socioeconomic system. 相似文献
903.
Emma F. Thomas Laura G.E. Smith Craig McGarty Gerhard Reese Anna Kende Ana-Maria Bliuc Nicola Curtin Russell Spears 《European journal of social psychology》2019,49(2):213-229
When and how do social movements form to mobilize action across national boundaries? In the context of the 2015 movement to support Syrian refugees, we develop an integrative model of transnational social movement formation shaped by pre-existing world-views (social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism) and social media exposure to iconic events, resulting in an emergent group consciousness (“we are”, “we believe”, “we feel”). Group consciousness is, in turn, the proximal predictor of solidarity with refugees. Participants were from six countries: Hungary (N = 267), Romania (N = 163), Germany (N = 190), the United Kingdom (N = 159), the United States (N = 244) and Australia (N = 344). Multi-group structural equation models confirmed that group consciousness, shaped by individual differences and exposure to events through social media, was the proximal predictor of solidarity. The subjective meaning of group consciousness varied across samples, reflecting national differences. Results support the importance of considering individual and national differences, and group processes in understanding emergent social movements. 相似文献
904.
Much research contrasts self-reported personality traits across cultures. We submit that this enterprise is weakened by significant methodological problems (in particular, the reference-group effect) that undermine the validity of national averages of personality scores. In this study, behavioral and demographic predictors of conscientiousness were correlated with different cross-national measures of conscientiousness based on self-reports, peer reports, and perceptions of national character. The predictors correlated strongly with perceptions of national character, but not with self-reports and peer reports. Country-level self- and peer-report measures of conscientiousness failed as markers of between-nation differences in personality. 相似文献
905.
This study examined the relationships between childhood experiences of parenting and causal attributions for criminal behavior among offenders against the person, property offenders, and non-offenders. Analysis showed that non-offenders perceived their fathers to be warmer and more overprotecting than did person offenders. Person offenders perceived their mothers to be less warm than did property offenders and non-offenders, and less overprotecting than non-offenders. Mothers were perceived to be more overprotecting and warmer than fathers by all 3 groups. All 3 samples viewed a range of explanations to be important in explaining criminal behavior. No significant associations were revealed between perceptions of parenting and causal attributions for crime. Group membership was predicted by home area crime level and perceived parental emotional warmth. 相似文献
906.
Hernandez E Hanley GP Ingvarsson ET Tiger JH 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2007,40(1):137-156
Strategies that produce generalized responding are valuable, especially with regard to language acquisition, because relatively little training may result in large behavior changes. Conditions that result in generalized manding were analyzed in the current study. We demonstrated in reversal designs that undesirable or single-word responses were the predominant mand forms of 3 preschool children. Multiple baseline designs with 2 participants and a reversal design with 1 participant were then used to demonstrate the extent to which differential reinforcement of single-word mands (e.g., "cars") or framed mands (e.g., "I want the cars, please") would result in the emergence of other single-word and framed mands for different items (e.g., mands for music, puppets, or puzzles). Results showed that prompting and differential reinforcement of one or two mand frames resulted in the emergence of other framed mands for all participants. 相似文献
907.
Dr Michael J. Boulton Mark Trueman Samantha Bishop Emma Baxandall Abigail Holme Sarah-Louise Smith Fernanda Vohringer Louise Boulton 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2007,7(3):188-195
Pupils (n=99) from two secondary schools in the UK were interviewed to investigate their views and experiences of the peer counselling for bullying service set up in their school. They were asked about various things concerning (1) the characteristics of the service and service providers that they valued and (2) their reasons for not using the service. Overall, a majority of participants reported a willingness to use this type of service and they identified numerous characteristics that they valued, including peer counsellors with good listening skills who were trustworthy and maintained confidentiality. A noteworthy proportion of participants also wanted the service to provide advice on solving bullying‐related problems. Some barriers to using the service were also identified, including fear of being stigmatised. Responses offered by girls and boys, and by users and non‐users of the service, were compared and several significant differences emerged. The results are discussed in terms of the implications for adults who run this type of service and the peer counsellors who deliver it. 相似文献
908.
Rutgers AH van Ijzendoorn MH Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ Swinkels SH van Daalen E Dietz C Naber FB Buitelaar JK van Engeland H 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(5):859-870
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have severe and pervasive impairments in the development of social interaction,
which may affect the attachment relationship with their parents and may have an impact on parenting. In the current investigation
89 families with young children (mean age 26.5 months) were involved, who were diagnosed as ASD, mentally retarded (MR), or
language delayed (LD), or part of a non-clinical comparison group. Attachment security was observed with the Brief Attachment
Screening Questionnaire, and several parental self-report questionnaires assessed the parenting style, parental efficacy,
parental experiences of daily hassles, social support, and psychological problems. Children with ASD were rated as less secure
compared to the other clinical and normal comparison groups. Parents of non-clinical children reported higher levels of authoritative
parenting than parents in the ASD group and in the total clinical group, and they also received less social support. Parents
of children with ASD coped remarkably well with the challenges of raising a child with ASD. 相似文献
909.
Naber FB Swinkels SH Buitelaar JK Dietz C van Daalen E Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ van Ijzendoorn MH van Engeland H 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(6):899-911
Joint attention is often referred to as a triadic relation between self, other and object. Young children with autism show
deficiencies in the use of joint attention behaviors. Individual differences may be expected, and they may be determined by
the children’s cognitive development or the characteristics of the relationship of the child with the caregiver. Although
most joint attention skills develop under the age of three, most studies of joint attention in children with autism involved
children older than 3 years of age, due to difficulties in diagnosing autism under this age. In this study we investigated
joint attention behaviors of 78 young children (mean age 25.7 months, SD 6.1) with autism spectrum disorders (n = 20), other developmental delays (n = 18), and typically developing children (n = 40). Following the pertinent literature and confirmed by factor analysis, two types of joint attention behaviors were distinguished,
Basic Joint Attention (BJA) and Associated Joint Attention (AJA). We found that cognitive delays and autistic symptoms—but
not attachment insecurity or disorganization—were related to less joint attention. Already at the age of 2 years, children
with more autistic symptoms show less joint attention, even after controlling for developmental level. 相似文献
910.
Schmidt RC Richardson MJ Arsenault C Galantucci B 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(4):860-870
This study investigated the role that visual tracking plays in coupling rhythmic limb movements to an environmental rhythm. Two experiments were conducted in which participants swung a hand-held pendulum while tracking an oscillating stimulus or while keeping their eyes fixed on a stationary location directly above an oscillating stimulus. It was expected that the participants' rhythmic movements would become entrained to the oscillating stimulus in both conditions but that visual tracking would strengthen this entrainment. Experiment 1 investigated the role of visual tracking in establishing unintentional entrainment. Experiment 2 investigated the role of visual tracking in intentional entrainment. As predicted, participants exhibited greater unintentional coordination and more stable intentional coordination when they tracked the stimulus. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the role of eye movements in environmental coordination. 相似文献