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481.
Much research contrasts self-reported personality traits across cultures. We submit that this enterprise is weakened by significant methodological problems (in particular, the reference-group effect) that undermine the validity of national averages of personality scores. In this study, behavioral and demographic predictors of conscientiousness were correlated with different cross-national measures of conscientiousness based on self-reports, peer reports, and perceptions of national character. The predictors correlated strongly with perceptions of national character, but not with self-reports and peer reports. Country-level self- and peer-report measures of conscientiousness failed as markers of between-nation differences in personality. 相似文献
482.
Past research has shown that tendencies to engage in holistic and analytical reasoning are differentially encouraged by East Asian and Western cultures. But little is known about cultural differences in the perceived value of analytic versus intuitive reasoning. In Study 1, Koreans and Americans ranked the importance of traits including ‘intuitive’ and ‘logical’ in work and family contexts. In Study 2, Euro‐Canadians and East‐Asian‐Canadians read scenarios of intuitive versus rule‐following business decisions. Relative to Western participants, East Asians rated intuitive reasoning as more important and reasonable than analytic reasoning. Implications for the epistemic status of reasoning modes, culture's effect on values about reasoning, and multiculturalism are discussed. 相似文献
483.
Christine Logel Emma C. Iserman Diane M. Quinn 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(2):299-312
The goal of the present research is to demonstrate, and then alleviate, the role of thought suppression in depressing women’s math performance under stereotype threat. We hypothesize that when taking a math test, women (but not men) attempt to suppress thoughts of the math-related gender stereotype. Suppression leads to underperformance when it uses up cognitive resources. In Study 1, women underperform on a math test and show postsuppressional rebound of the stereotype when cognitive resources are reduced. In Study 2, women suppress the stereotype after a math test begins, but show rebound when the test is complete. In Study 3, making the stereotype irrelevant to the test improves performance and reduces postsuppressional rebound. In Studies 4 and 5, we test a strategy women can use to make suppression easier, and show that it restores math performance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
484.
The goal of the present study was to ascertain whether individual differences in self‐esteem, self‐confidence, assertiveness and number of siblings could predict young children's responses to cross‐examination style questioning. Five‐ and 6‐year‐old children (N = 137) participated in a unique staged event and were then interviewed with analogues of direct and cross‐examination. Despite highly accurate direct examination reports, children made a large number of changes to these reports during cross‐examination, resulting in a significant decrease in accuracy. Poor cross‐examination performance was associated with low levels of teacher‐rated self‐confidence, self‐esteem and assertiveness, raising concern that the children who are likely to fare poorly during cross‐examination may be the very children who are most likely to appear as witnesses in the courtroom. Furthermore, number of siblings was inversely related to cross‐examination performance. Further research is required to pinpoint the specific mechanism(s) behind this finding. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
485.
Bonnie Auyeung Simon Baron-Cohen Emma Ashwin Rebecca Knickmeyer Kevin Taylor Gerald Hackett Melissa Hines 《Psychological science》2009,20(2):144-148
ABSTRACT— Mammals, including humans, show sex differences in juvenile play behavior. In rodents and nonhuman primates, these behavioral sex differences result, in part, from sex differences in androgens during early development. Girls exposed to high levels of androgen prenatally, because of the genetic disorder congenital adrenal hyperplasia, show increased male-typical play, suggesting similar hormonal influences on human development, at least in females. Here, we report that fetal testosterone measured from amniotic fluid relates positively to male-typical scores on a standardized questionnaire measure of sex-typical play in both boys and girls. These results show, for the first time, a link between fetal testosterone and the development of sex-typical play in children from the general population, and are the first data linking high levels of prenatal testosterone to increased male-typical play behavior in boys. 相似文献
486.
This study explored how domestic cats perform in a horizontal string-pulling task to determine whether they understand this
case of physical causality. Fifteen cats were tested on their ability to retrieve an unreachable food treat in three different
set-ups: (a) a single baited string, (b) two parallel strings where only one was baited and (c) two crossed strings where
only one was baited. All cats succeeded at pulling a single string to obtain a treat, but none consistently chose the correct
string when two strings were parallel. When tested with two crossed strings one cat chose the wrong string consistently and
all others performed at chance level. There was no evidence that cats understand the function of the strings or their physical
causality. 相似文献
487.
Disordered or maladaptive meta-cognitive processing appears to be a prominent feature for some individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. We sought to establish whether healthy individuals distinguished either in terms hallucination proneness (HP) or level of schizotypy could also be differentiated on the sub-scales of the Meta-cognitions Questionnaire (MCQ), or a modified version of it in which items about worry were replaced with items specifically related to thinking. A total of 106 healthy volunteers completed the Oxford and Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences and Launay-Slade hallucination scale, the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and two versions of the MCQ: the original which assesses five domains of meta-cognition and an adapted version in which items relating to worry had been replaced by items relating to thinking or reflecting on thinking (MCQ-th). ANOVA indicated highly significant differences between three groups of individuals differentiated in terms of high, medium and low proneness to hallucinations on four of the five MCQ sub-scales, and three of the four MCQ-th factors. Regression analyses indicated that the MCQ factors encompassing (1) a sense of uncontrollability of thinking (and the perceived attendant dangers of this) and (2) negative beliefs about thinking related to suspicion and punishment were the strongest predictors of high schizotypy. Individuals who score higher on a measure of HP are more likely to display patterns of meta-cognitive processing that resemble, in certain respects, those reported in individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. High schizotypy predicts a negative appraisal about both the controllability and consequences of thinking. 相似文献
488.
Hernandez E Hanley GP Ingvarsson ET Tiger JH 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2007,40(1):137-156
Strategies that produce generalized responding are valuable, especially with regard to language acquisition, because relatively little training may result in large behavior changes. Conditions that result in generalized manding were analyzed in the current study. We demonstrated in reversal designs that undesirable or single-word responses were the predominant mand forms of 3 preschool children. Multiple baseline designs with 2 participants and a reversal design with 1 participant were then used to demonstrate the extent to which differential reinforcement of single-word mands (e.g., "cars") or framed mands (e.g., "I want the cars, please") would result in the emergence of other single-word and framed mands for different items (e.g., mands for music, puppets, or puzzles). Results showed that prompting and differential reinforcement of one or two mand frames resulted in the emergence of other framed mands for all participants. 相似文献
489.
Naber FB Swinkels SH Buitelaar JK Dietz C van Daalen E Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ van Ijzendoorn MH van Engeland H 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(6):899-911
Joint attention is often referred to as a triadic relation between self, other and object. Young children with autism show
deficiencies in the use of joint attention behaviors. Individual differences may be expected, and they may be determined by
the children’s cognitive development or the characteristics of the relationship of the child with the caregiver. Although
most joint attention skills develop under the age of three, most studies of joint attention in children with autism involved
children older than 3 years of age, due to difficulties in diagnosing autism under this age. In this study we investigated
joint attention behaviors of 78 young children (mean age 25.7 months, SD 6.1) with autism spectrum disorders (n = 20), other developmental delays (n = 18), and typically developing children (n = 40). Following the pertinent literature and confirmed by factor analysis, two types of joint attention behaviors were distinguished,
Basic Joint Attention (BJA) and Associated Joint Attention (AJA). We found that cognitive delays and autistic symptoms—but
not attachment insecurity or disorganization—were related to less joint attention. Already at the age of 2 years, children
with more autistic symptoms show less joint attention, even after controlling for developmental level. 相似文献
490.
Rutgers AH van Ijzendoorn MH Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ Swinkels SH van Daalen E Dietz C Naber FB Buitelaar JK van Engeland H 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(5):859-870
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have severe and pervasive impairments in the development of social interaction,
which may affect the attachment relationship with their parents and may have an impact on parenting. In the current investigation
89 families with young children (mean age 26.5 months) were involved, who were diagnosed as ASD, mentally retarded (MR), or
language delayed (LD), or part of a non-clinical comparison group. Attachment security was observed with the Brief Attachment
Screening Questionnaire, and several parental self-report questionnaires assessed the parenting style, parental efficacy,
parental experiences of daily hassles, social support, and psychological problems. Children with ASD were rated as less secure
compared to the other clinical and normal comparison groups. Parents of non-clinical children reported higher levels of authoritative
parenting than parents in the ASD group and in the total clinical group, and they also received less social support. Parents
of children with ASD coped remarkably well with the challenges of raising a child with ASD. 相似文献