Hilla Peretz  Yitzhak Fried  Emma Parry 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2022,95(2):239-274

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Charles P. Fisher 《International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies》2022,19(2):230-240

We are haunted by “ghosts” derived from the cultural history in which we are immersed. Many of these ghosts are deeply unconscious in a psychodynamic sense―repressed, disavowed, or denied. Experiences of triangulation, via prolonged emotional exposure to a different culture, may assist in gaining awareness of the presence of these ghosts. Cultural beliefs such as the nature of reality, causality, and time are fundamental for the developing child. These beliefs develop in a child through the very earliest identifications with primary caretakers. Hence, they form the fabric of reality for the child. Loewald makes a very similar point about the development of reality sense. Evidence for the child's primary identification with the mother as subject is presented in Trigant Burrow's writing nearly a century ago, and in contemporary writing about gender development in women and in men. Further support for the very early role of culture in promoting “learning from experience” is provided by Mark Solms who demonstrates the crucial role of “precision”―that is, the ability to assess the significance of each perception. Studies of the relationship between dream reality and waking reality for an indigenous people in the Amazon rainforest show that the very fabric of reality depends upon culture. In this paper, the author discusses ghosts from his own childhood and from recent American cultural history. As a Jewish child in America, he absorbed resonances of Eastern European pogroms, Holocaust history, and ancient Jewish slavery in Egypt, commemorated in the Passover Seder. As an American boy, he grew up with the legacies of racism, the enslavement of African–Americans, and genocidal attacks on indigenous peoples. These ghosts (and others) were simultaneously displayed, hidden in plain sight, and deeply repressed in cultural artifacts such as Edward Steichen's Family of Man photographic exhibition. Discussion of that exhibition illustrates the multiple ways that culture is constitutive of conscious, preconscious, and deeply unconscious mental life. In a variety of ways, psychoanalysis both helps and hinders exploration of cultural influences. To shed light on what is culturally repressed, and to triangulate the culture one grows up in, it's helpful to live in another culture for a while. Experiences with the Achuar people in the Amazon rainforest provide a lens for examining culture, reality, and dreaming.  相似文献   

    

Felix May  Tamsin Ford  Astrid Janssens  Tamsin Newlove-Delgado  Abigail Emma Russell  Javid Salim  Obioha C. Ukoumunne  Rachel Hayes 《The British journal of educational psychology》2021,91(1):442-462

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Emma A. Renstrm  Hanna Bck 《Psychologica Belgica》2021,61(1):224

This article explores how emotions connected to the Government’s handling of the Covid-19 outbreak in Sweden relates to behaviors to stop the spread of the virus, and which emotions functions as mediators in this relationship. The Swedish approach to handling the outbreak greatly differed from how many other Western European countries handled the situation and thus makes an important case to study. In a large representative survey (N = 2449), we found that satisfaction with how the Government handled the situation was related to more positive and less negative emotions. Anxiety, compassion and pride mediated the effect of satisfaction on compliance with the national recommendations such that anxiety and compassion increased compliance, while pride decreased it. Importantly though, satisfaction increased compassion and pride, but only compassion led to more compliant behaviors. In fact, satisfaction was indirectly related to less compliant behaviors via anxiety and pride. Shame mediated the effect on the tendency to wear face masks, a behavior that was explicitly not endorsed by the Swedish Public Health Agency. We speculate if the face mask, which was intensely debated, became a politicized symbol of dissatisfaction with the Swedish approach. In sum, it seems that individuals who were dissatisfied with how the government handled the Covid-19 outbreak were in fact engaging more in health-promotional behaviors to stop the spread of the virus.  相似文献   

    

David M. Fisher  Stephen Good  Margaret J. Toich  Elizabeth Schutt 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2021,29(1):114-133

Moral disengagement (MD) has been characterized as a uniquely important predictor of counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs). This study describes the development and validation of a situational judgment test (SJT) for measuring MD in the workplace, which offers potential advantages over existing Likert‐type scales. The development/validation efforts involved two independent rounds of subject‐matter expert (SME) review and data collected from three independent samples. The resulting test, labeled the MD‐SJT, displayed high reliability, was related to an established measure of MD as well as hypothesized personality variables, and was incrementally predictive of CWBs above the established measure of MD. This study advances knowledge pertaining to the assessment of MD, which is a critically important construct in the workplace.  相似文献   

    

Daisy Arkell  Isabelle Groves  Emma R. Wood  Oliver Hardt 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2021,28(10):390

Reducing sensory experiences during the period that immediately follows learning improves long-term memory retention in healthy humans, and even preserves memory in patients with amnesia. To date, it is entirely unclear why this is the case, and identifying the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning this effect requires suitable animal models, which are currently lacking. Here, we describe a straightforward experimental procedure in rats that future studies can use to directly address this issue. Using this method, we replicated the central findings on quiet wakefulness obtained in humans: We show that rats that spent 1 h alone in a familiar dark and quiet chamber (the Black Box) after exploring two objects in an open field expressed long-term memory for the object locations 6 h later, while rats that instead directly went back into their home cage with their cage mates did not. We discovered that both visual stimulation and being together with conspecifics contributed to the memory loss in the home cage, as exposing rats either to light or to a cage mate in the Black Box was sufficient to disrupt memory for object locations. Our results suggest that in both rats and humans, everyday sensory experiences that normally follow learning in natural settings can interfere with processes that promote long-term memory retention, thereby causing forgetting in form of retroactive interference. The processes involved in this effect are not sleep-dependent because we prevented sleep in periods of reduced sensory experience. Our findings, which also have implications for research practices, describe a potentially useful method to study the neurobiological mechanisms that might explain why normal sensory processing after learning impairs memory both in healthy humans and in patients suffering from amnesia.

One of the most puzzling phenomena of memory is that we forget, and since its beginning as a scientific discipline, psychology has been trying to find out why and how this happens (Ribot 1882; Ebbinghaus 1885; Müller and Pilzecker 1900; Burnham 1903)? Addressing this question, Jenkins and Dallenbach (1924) published a remarkable study in 1924 suggesting that much forgetting arises from continued mental activity caused by ongoing everyday experiencing that normally follows learning in natural settings. Their intriguing findings were not systematically pursued during the next decades, as the focus shifted to exploring the role of prior or subsequent learning on forgetting; that is, effects of proactive or retroactive interference of highly similar material on memory retention. This research program eventually led into a dead end (Tulving and Madigan 1970; Wixted 2004), and interference research in humans slowed down in the 1970s. In recent years, however, interest about the neurobiological bases of interference began to emerge again (Appleby and Wiskott 2009; Bartko et al. 2010; Blake et al. 2010; Butterly et al. 2012; Luu et al. 2012; Martínez et al. 2012; Winocur et al. 2012; Peters et al. 2013; Alber et al. 2014; Censor et al. 2014; Martínez et al. 2014; McDevitt et al. 2014; Albasser et al. 2015; Eugenia et al. 2016; Koen and Rugg 2016; Ge et al. 2019; Peters and Smith 2020).In their original experiment, Jenkins and Dallenbach (1924) used sleep to reduce the amount of interference after learning. They found that when their participants went about their normal (university campus) day after learning a list of nonsense syllables, their ability to recall the lists 1, 2, 4, or 8 h later was always poorer than when instead they slept during the time between learning and test. Jenkins and Dallenbach (1924) concluded that their results “indicate that forgetting is not so much a matter of the decay of old impressions and associations than a matter of the interference, inhibition, or obliteration of the old by the new.” Their findings were replicated by others, confirming that being asleep, compared with being awake and active, indeed improves memory retention (Van Ormer 1932; Ekstrand 1967). However, it remained an open question whether it is the reduction of sensory stimulation and new learning, which would usually occur during wakefulness, that prevents retroactive interference, or whether a specific, possibly sleep-dependent, memory facilitation process was at play (Ekstrand 1967, 1972).Noting that participants in the sleep condition did not immediately fall asleep in the original experiment, but that they experienced increased quiescence shortly after learning, Minami and Dallenbach (1946) tested the retroactive interference explanation of forgetting more directly, by controlling the amount of stimulation after learning in awake animals. This remarkable experiment used Periplaneta americana (American cockroach) and a little treadmill. After learning to suppress their natural tendency to run into a dark shelter box in a bright open alley (encouraged by an electrical shock received in the dark shelter), the cockroaches were either placed on a running treadmill in a transparent box, or in a normally lit circular transparent resting chamber, where they were not able to fall asleep but experienced notably less activity than the cockroaches on the treadmill. The outcome was that cockroaches who were forced to move presented with more forgetting than those who were not, suggesting that sleep—notwithstanding its possible beneficial effect on memory—may not be necessary to promote memory retention; rather, reducing the amount of stimulation and activity after learning may be critical for attenuating retroactive interference and thus forgetting.Some six decades later, a series of experiments picked up this original line of inquiry. Exploring in humans whether memory for short prose, word lists, or spatial knowledge benefits from reduced stimulation after learning, these studies have invariably replicated the main finding that spending a 10-min retention interval in quiet wakefulness in a dimly lit room after learning leads to better memory for the learned material than participating in unrelated cognitive tasks during the retention interval (Dewar et al. 2007, 2010). Increased memory for the acquired material following quiet wakefulness is long-lasting and can be detected up to 7 d after learning (Dewar et al. 2012; Alber et al. 2014). Even in amnesic patients 10 min of reduced sensory stimulation, compared with participating in cognitive tasks, enhances memory retention for verbal material (Cowan et al. 2004; Dewar et al. 2009, 2010). This lends strong support to the suggestion that the memory loss in amnesia arises from an increased vulnerability to interference shortly after encoding (Warrington and Weiskrantz 1974; Hardt et al. 2013)Similar results have been obtained in rodents in studies exploring the role of perirhinal cortex in object recognition memory. Rats with lesions to the perirhinal cortex typically show robust impairments in object recognition tasks (Brown and Aggleton 2001; Mumby et al. 2002, 2007; Norman and Eacott 2005; Albasser et al. 2015). However, if rats are placed into a dark box during the retention interval between the encoding phase and the test phase of an object recognition task, rats with lesions to perirhinal cortex no longer show a memory deficit and perform as well as intact animals (McTighe et al. 2010). Thus, reduction of sensory stimulation between encoding and test appears to enhance memory for objects even in rats with perirhinal cortex lesions. This finding recapitulates the outcomes of the studies with human patients suffering from amnesia after hippocampal damage.The aim of the current experiments was to determine whether reducing sensory stimulation after encoding would also enhance hippocampus-dependent memory in rats. To do this, we used a spontaneous object exploration task that assesses memory for object locations (Ennaceur and Delacour 1988; Hardt et al. 2010; Migues et al. 2016, 2019). Using this approach, we replicated in rats the basic effect that quiet wakefulness promotes memory retention as previously observed in humans. Specifically, here we show that following learning, everyday activity in the home cage with cage mates impairs object location memory in rats, while reducing sensory stimulation in a dark chamber, without sleep, promotes it.  相似文献   

    

Sarah A. Fisher  David R. Mandel 《Philosophy Compass》2021,16(12):e12794

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Josefine L. Lilja  Fredrik Falkenström  Clara Zelleroth  Emma Jacobson  Stina Risberg  Linnea Nissling  Sandra Weineland 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2020,61(3):369-379

Over a period of 15 years several attempts to conceptualize mindfulness have been presented and revised, but there is still no clear or agreed-upon definition. The use of mindfulness-based interventions has increased in clinical and research settings the last couple of years, including in Sweden. As a clinician it is crucial to know if a treatment works through the theoretically postulated mechanisms of change. Mindfulness is a concept that is difficult to measure. The overall aim of the current project was to examine the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ_SWE) using three different studies. To test the construct validity of the FFMQ_SWE a hierarchal confirmatory factor analysis was performed in a meditating non-clinical sample, to examine if all the five facets would load on an overall mindfulness construct. Psychometric properties of the instrument were examined in a non-clinical and a clinical sample, and discriminative relationships with other variables were analysed. The convergent validity was examined by analysing the correlations between FFMQ_SWE and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Sense of Coherence and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Test-retest reliability was tested by distributing FFMQ_SWE at two occasions. The hierarchal confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit in a population of meditators. The FFMQ_SWE showed good convergent validity and test-retest reliability in both clinical and non-clinical populations. In sum, the Swedish version of the FFMQ showed good psychometric properties and can be a useful instrument as an evaluation of treatment effects in both health care settings and research settings.  相似文献   

    

Catherine E. Amiot  Morgana Lizzio-Wilson  Emma F. Thomas  Winnifred R. Louis 《European journal of social psychology》2020,50(3):485-504

This article introduces a model of the internalisation of normative social harmdoing: the MINSOH. This model seeks to explain how group members internalise harmful social norms such that they personally endorse their groups' normative actions. To this aim, the MINSOH integrates two divergent yet complementary theoretical perspectives: self-determination theory and the social identity approach. These perspectives differ in their basic assumptions about the possibility for harm to become internalised, yet when integrated, they provide a powerful account of how harmdoing can become internalised. The MINSOH proposes specific conditions under which harmful normative actions become accepted by group members. This article outlines multiple self-determined motivations for harmdoing and discrete group processes that enable harmdoing to be internalised and autonomously enacted, and reviews factors that facilitate (i.e., strong/unique/comparative social identification; endorsement of ideological justifications) and block the internalisation process (presence of multiple identities/diverging norms; inclusive superordinate identity). Directions for future research are then discussed.  相似文献   

    

Barbara Valcke  Alain Van Hiel  Jasper Van Assche  Thomas Van Roey  Emma Onraet  Arne Roets 《European journal of social psychology》2020,50(3):579-596

The Need to Belong concept encompasses the need for inclusion and the discomfort with exclusion. The Need to Belong Scale of Leary, Kelly, Cottrell, and Schreindorfer (2013, p. 610), however, primarily probes into the discomfort aspect, and it does not distinguish between relational and collective self-levels. Two studies (total N = 429) provided evidence of the reliability, distinctiveness, and validity of the newly developed Need for Inclusion scale. The results revealed that Relational Need for Inclusion positively contributes to psychological well-being and negatively to ill-being. Collective Need for Inclusion was distinctively related to collective and group-level outcomes of self, such as social trust and collective self-esteem. Need to Belong yielded a reversed pattern of results for the studied outcomes. It is concluded that inclusion needs and discomfort with exclusion are positively related but clearly distinct, and that future studies should investigate their joint effects in a single research design.  相似文献