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Journal of Child and Family Studies - Although research demonstrates intergenerational transmission of parenting attitudes and child abuse risk, greater clarity on the potential mechanisms in this...  相似文献   
874.
Four experiments tested for perceptual priming for written words in a semantic categorization task. Repetition priming was obtained for low-frequency words when unrelated categorizations were performed at study and test (Experiment 1), but it was not orthographically mediated given that written-to-written and spoken-to-written word priming was equivalent (Experiments 2 and 3). Furthermore, no priming was obtained between pictures and words (Experiment 4), suggesting that the nonorthographic priming was largely phonological rather than semantic. These results pose a challenge to standard perceptual theories of priming that should expect orthographic priming when words are presented in a visual format at study and test.  相似文献   
875.
La nécessité se fait sentir, pour les psychologues qui travaillent dans une perspective interculturelle, d'expliciter leurs méthodes et de parvenir à un certain consensus qui permette de juger et de comparer les résultats. l'auteur propose ici un cadre de travail méthodologique pour la recherche interculturelle, qui s'inspire des discussions passées de certains anthropologues. Trois conditions s'avèrent nécessaires si l'on veut donner quelque validité aux comparaisons interculturelles des comportements : Io Il faut d'abord démontrer qu'il y a équivalence fonctionnelle des comportements dans l'une et l'autre des cultures considérées; C'est-à-dire que seul, un comportement qui est une réponse à un problème identique peut être comparé. 2° On peut, à titre d'essai, partir d'une conception du comportement observé qui est indépendante des cultures considérées (généralité hypothétique) à condition que ce soit seulement comme point de départ et que ce comportement soit ensuite conçu dans les termes mêmes de chaque culture (particularité). Les aspects communs peuvent alors être utilisés pour construire un cadre de comparaison valide pour les deux cultures (généralité dériv?e) et même pour toutes les autres cultures (universalité). 30 Des instruments et des techniques de mesure peuvent alors être inventés, qui seront basés sur ce cadre de comparaison, pour autant qu'on puisse atteindre une équivalence conceptuelle. A titre d'exemple, les notions d'intelligence et de dépendance du champ sont discutées dans cette perspective méthodologique. l'auteur invite les lecteurs à commenter et à discuter le cadre de travail qu'il propose.  相似文献   
876.
In this article, we propose a social psychological mechanism for the formation of new social change movements. Here, we argue that social change follows the emergence of shared injunctive social norms that define new collective identities, and we systematically spell out the nature of the processes through which this comes about. We propose that these norms and identities are created and negotiated through validating communication about a normative conflict; resulting in an identity‐norm nexus (INN), whereby people become the change they want to see in the world. We suggest that injunctive norms are routinely negotiated, validated, and integrated with shared identity in order to create the potential to effect change in the world. Norms and identities need not be integrated or connected in this way, but the power of social actors to form new social movements to bring about sociopolitical change will tend to be severely limited unless they can bring about the integration of identity and action.  相似文献   
877.
The effect of contingent and non-contingent vocal stimulation on vocalization and looking behaviour was investigated for 10 Down's syndrome infants. There were two experimental sessions consisting of four stages, namely 1 min base-line, 1 min experimental condition, a further 1 min base-line and a final 2 min experimental condition. Maternal vocal stimulation was contingent upon infant vocalization for the experimental conditions of one session and was presented every 10 s independent of infant vocalization for the experimental conditions of the other session. Neither condition increased infant vocalization but there was a significant decrease in looking at mother during the base-line stages which followed maternal vocalization (F = 5.07, d.f. = 4, 28, P less than 0.01). It is suggested that looking behaviour may be an important indication of competence in pre-linguistic social communication for developmentally delayed infants.  相似文献   
878.
Autonomic and eyeblink reactivity to startling tones were investigated in women with histories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Twenty-one women with current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 23 with lifetime but not current PTSD, and 13 women who never had PTSD listened to 15 95-dB, 500-ms, 1000-Hz tones with a 0-ms rise time while heart rate (HR), skin conductance (SC), and orbicularis oculi electromyogram (EMG) responses were measured. Participants in the current and lifetime PTSD groups produced larger HR responses across tones and showed slower absolute habituation of SC response magnitude compared with the never PTSD group. EMG response magnitudes did not differ among groups. Women with CSA-related PTSD showed increased autonomic reactivity and slower habituation to high-intensity tones similar to that observed in primarily male, combat PTSD samples. This suggests that heightened autonomic responsivity to startling stimuli in PTSD is not gender or event specific.  相似文献   
879.
The habit of thinking about ontogeny and phylogeny as alternative means by which information is made available to the developing individual has a long history in both biology and psychology. This article examines existing proximate (ontogenetic) and ultimate (preontogenetic) approaches to the study of human development and describes an alternative, developmental systems approach for directing research programs. On this view, phenotypes are not simply transmitted in the genes, nor are they contained in features of the environment. Rather, traits or characters are always constructed by the complex coaction of organic, organismic, and environmental factors operating during individual ontogeny. This expanded, systematic view of heredity and phenotypic development serves to eliminate the need for the dichotomization of developmental explanations into proximate and ultimate causes and directs research attention to the organism-context transaction process, thereby including a large class of variables typically omitted from preontogenetic explanations of development.  相似文献   
880.
What can a moving face tell us?   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This research assessed the impact of facial motion on perceptions of age-related person qualities. Ss judged the power of point-light displays of the faces of children, middle-aged adults, and elderly adults. Ratings were obtained of (a) dynamic displays filmed while the stimulus persons were reciting the alphabet, (b) dynamic displays filmed, while the stimulus persons engaged in an interaction, and (c) static versions of the displays. Facial age exerted no effect on the perceived power of nondynamic displays. However, moving displays of children's faces were judged to be less powerful than were those of adults. Differences in perceived age could not explain these effects. The implications of these data for the developing area of social event perception are discussed.  相似文献   
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