Emma A. Bäck 《Journal of applied social psychology》2013,43(10):2073-2082

Challengers, as opposed to defenders, of the status quo ascribe more negative motives for the attitudes of their opponents and more positive motives to their allies. This may be associated with a heightened social cost involved in challenging the generally considered good and true. Most social issues are associated with ideology, and conservatives display more prejudices than liberals. Hence, it is unclear whether ideology or position toward the status quo per se drives these attributions. In two studies, position showed to be a stronger predictor of biased intergroup perceptions than ideology. Both left‐ and right‐wing affiliates displayed stronger biases when in opposition. This supports the notion that the challenging position per se, elicits group differentiation. Results are important for understanding of negative campaigning and political action.  相似文献   

    

Emma Bould  Neil Morris  Brian Wink 《Cognition & emotion》2013,27(8):1569-1587

Two studies investigated the importance of dynamic temporal characteristic information in facilitating the recognition of subtle expressions of emotion. In Experiment 1 there were three conditions, dynamic moving sequences that showed the expression emerging from neutral to a subtle emotion, a dynamic presentation containing nine static stills from the dynamic moving sequences (ran together to encapsulate a moving sequence) and a First–Last condition containing only the first (neutral) and last (subtle emotion) stills. The results showed recognition was significantly better for the dynamic moving sequences than both the Dynamic-9 and First–Last conditions. Experiments 2a and 2b then changed the dynamics of the moving sequences by speeding up, slowing down or disrupting the rhythm of the motion sequences. These manipulations significantly reduced recognition, and it was concluded that in addition to the perception of change, recognition is facilitated by the characteristic muscular movements associated with the portrayal of each emotion.  相似文献   

    

Emma Beeby  K. Geoffrey White 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2013,99(3):260-276

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Eline Leen  Emma Sorbring  Matt Mawer  Emma Holdsworth  Bo Helsing  Erica Bowen 《Aggression and violent behavior》2013,18(1):159-174

Adolescent dating violence is a pressing international issue: yet, there have been few attempts to collate the international evidence regarding this phenomenon. This article reviews contemporary evidence from Europe and North America on prevalence, dynamic risk factors, and the efficacy of intervention programs for adolescent dating violence. Prevalence findings suggest that victimization rates are comparable across Europe and North America. Although individual studies report differing prevalences, the overall hierarchy of violence types – in which psychological/emotional violence is most and sexual violence least prevalent – is consistent across almost all investigations. Four dynamic risk factors for perpetration are identified: peer influence, substance use, psychological adjustment and competencies, and attitudes towards violence. Peer influences and attitudes towards violence appear to be the most extensively evidenced factors in the literature. Nine existing intervention programs are identified, all located within North America. Intervention results are mixed, with some evaluations reporting significant long-term benefits while others report positive intervention effects dissipate throughout follow-up. Tentative analysis suggests that programs focused on behavioral change may elicit sustainable effects more readily. However, this is difficult to ascertain with no data on program repetitions and variations across intervention pedagogy and sample. Concerns with existing research and interventions and possible future directions are discussed.  相似文献   

    

Michael D. Berry 《International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies》2013,10(1):53-74

The dominant treatment methods for male sexual dysfunction are currently biomedical and pharmacological. Historical analysis of the therapeutic field, however, shows that this trend is quite recent. This paper provides a historical examination of the treatment of male sexual dysfunction, analyzing the role of psychology and psychoanalysis in the treatment field. At various points in history, sexual therapies have accounted for the biological, psychological and social factors of male sexual dysfunction; this attention, however, has rarely been balanced. By tracing the evolution of treatment models, this paper shows how psychological and psychoanalytic principles have influenced the treatment of male sexual dysfunction. Despite the recent dominance of cognitive behavioral and biomedical techniques, the paper concludes, sex therapy is a discipline in flux, and with the increased push for integrative and multi‐modal treatment models, the (re‐)introduction of psychodynamic techniques in mainstream sex therapy is a promising possibility for future clinical practice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

    

Evan Berry 《Religion Compass》2013,7(10):454-466

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Emma Whiting  Helen J. Chenery  David A. Copland 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(5):594-619

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Fiona Kaley  Vincent Reid  Emma Flynn 《Infant mental health journal》2011,32(5):526-541

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Bart W. Terwel  Florentine A. Koudenburg  Emma ter Mors 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2014,24(6):479-490

A company that wants to implement an industrial project with adverse local impacts can offer the members of the affected community compensation for bearing the burdens associated with the project. In the current study, participants evaluated such a situation from the perspective of observer. Depending on experimental condition, they learned that a company either had or had not consulted members of the affected community prior to deciding on the compensation offer. The compensation offer was either public goods compensation or individual monetary compensation. We hypothesized and found that the decision‐making process was considered fairer and the company was perceived as more concerned with the local public interest when the company had consulted local residents prior to deciding on the compensation offer. Also, the company was believed to be more concerned with the local public interest when it offered public goods compensation instead of individual monetary compensation. Perceived concern and perceived fairness predicted the perceived trustworthiness of the company, and this, in turn, predicted how participants anticipated the members of the affected community to react to the compensation offered by the company. The study thus demonstrates the importance of consultations with local residents in the process of deciding on compensation measures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

    

Melanie K. T. Takarangi  Deryn Strange  Emma Houghton 《Memory (Hove, England)》2013,21(3):453-461

The developers of the autobiographical Implicit Association Test (aIAT) describe it as a possible memory detection tool. This claim rests on the assumption the aIAT can reliably and automatically detect the accuracy of autobiographical events. However, the aIAT may be susceptible to factors that affect the assessment of truth vs. falseness, such as the relative familiarity of those events. We compared aIAT performance when participants reported recent vs. childhood autobiographical events, and when participants imagined vs. did not imagine a fabricated autobiographical event. The aIAT was less effective at distinguishing between real and fabricated events from childhood, compared to recent real and fabricated events. Imagining a fabricated event did not affect aIAT performance; however, there was a trend in the data suggesting imagination may have reduced the effect of event recency. Our results provide further evidence that reducing or enhancing source confusion—via familiarity—can influence the predictive value of the aIAT.  相似文献