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271.
We review a growing body of literature that evidences the reciprocal relationship between body and mind, known as embodied cognition. We argue that an embodied mind may serve a functional purpose, aiding in self-regulatory processes. Specifically, we suggest that embodied cognition assists in self-regulation by increasing signal strength, encouraging appropriate goal-relevant action, and incorporating situational constraints to cue appropriate information processing styles. Furthermore, we propose that affect serves as the link between an embodied mind and self-regulatory action. Finally, we situate this research in debates on theories of mind, and we advocate for a highly interactive system that integrates information across modalities. 相似文献
272.
Emily B. Myers Sheila E. Blumstein Edward Walsh James Eliassen 《Psychological science》2009,20(7):895-903
ABSTRACT— The problem of mapping differing sensory stimuli onto a common category is fundamental to human cognition. Listeners perceive stable phonetic categories despite many sources of acoustic variability. What are the neural mechanisms that underlie this perceptual stability? In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, a short-interval habituation paradigm was used to investigate neural sensitivity to acoustic changes within and between phonetic categories. A region in the left inferior frontal sulcus showed a pattern of activation consistent with phonetic invariance: insensitivity to acoustic changes within a phonetic category and sensitivity to changes between phonetic categories. Left superior temporal regions, in contrast, showed graded sensitivity to both within- and between-category changes. These results suggest that perceptual insensitivity to changes within a phonetic category may arise from decision-related mechanisms in the left prefrontal cortex and add to a growing body of literature suggesting that the inferior prefrontal cortex plays a domain-general role in computing category representations. 相似文献
273.
Emily L Barnoy Adel C Najdowski Jonathan Tarbox Arthur E Wilke Megan D Nollet Henry Roane 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):845-848
Bruxism, forceful grinding of one's teeth together, can produce destructive outcomes such as wear on the teeth and damaged gums and bone structures. The current study implemented a multicomponent intervention that consisted of vocal and physical cues to decrease rates of bruxism. A partial component analysis suggested that the vocal cue was only effective at decreasing levels of bruxism when paired with a simultaneous physical cue. 相似文献
274.
Allison C. Aosved Patricia J. Long Emily K. Voller 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(10):2321-2354
Despite similarities between sexism, racism, sexual prejudice, ageism, classism, and religious intolerance, investigators do not routinely investigate these intolerant beliefs simultaneously. The purpose of this project was to create a brief, psychometrically sound measure of intolerance reflecting these 6 constructs. Data from existing measures (Attitudes Toward Women Scale, Neosexism Scale, Modern and Old-Fashioned Racism Scale, Modern Homophobia Scale, Frabroni Scale of Ageism, Economic Beliefs Scale, and M-GRISM) and from items created by the authors were obtained from several college samples to create the Intolerant Schema Measure (ISM). Results support the internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and factor structure of the questionnaire. Expected relationships between measured concepts, social dominance, social desirability, and across key demographic groups support the validity of the instrument. 相似文献
275.
This study experimentally tested the relationship between children’s lexicon size and their ability to learn new words within the domain of color. We manipulated the size of 25 20-month-olds’ color lexicons by training them with two, four, or six different color words over the course of eight training sessions. We subsequently tested children’s ability to extend new color words to new instances. We found that training with a broader number of color words led to increased extension of new words. The results suggest that children’s learning history predicts their ability to learn new words within domains. 相似文献
276.
Emily Ann DeMoor 《Journal of religion and health》2009,48(1):97-112
Three years ago breath took the form of Hurricane Katrina and passed through our bodies and our lives, leaving us forever
changed. We all breathed her, but for those of us living on the Gulf Coast our encounter with Katrina was more intimate, our
breathing more conscious, our memory more charged, our lives forever changed. My story takes me from the winds of Hurricane
Katrina blasting through the Gulf Coast, through the tube of a machine that helped keep my son’s lung expanded, through the
Sinai dessert and the valley of the dry bones, through the in-between spaces of grounded groundlessness, to the forests and
rivers of the Berskhire Mountains, where I have relocated and started my life over. My spiritual journey “home” is a dynamic
story of Earth, wind, fire, water, flesh, and Spirit. 相似文献
277.
Paul J. Silvia Emily C. Nusbaum Christopher Berg Christopher Martin Alejandra OConnor 《Journal of research in personality》2009,43(6):1087-1090
What are creative people like? Openness to experience is important to creativity, but little is known about plasticity, the higher-order factor that subsumes openness. College students (n = 189) completed measures of the Big Five and measures of creative cognition (fluency and quality of divergent thinking), everyday creative behaviors, creative achievement, and self-rated creativity. Latent variable models found broad effects of openness to experience and few effects of the other four domains. At the higher-order level, plasticity predicted higher scores on nearly all of the facets of creativity, and stability had several significant effects. For some creativity measures, plasticity and stability had opposing effects. Tests of latent interactions found no significant effects: plasticity and stability predict creatively independently, not jointly. 相似文献
278.
Jill T. Shelton Emily M. Elliott B.D. Hill Matthew R. Calamia Wm. Drew Gouvier 《Intelligence》2009,37(3):283-293
The working memory (WM) construct is conceptualized similarly across domains of psychology, yet the methods used to measure WM function vary widely. The present study examined the relationship between WM measures used in the laboratory and those used in applied settings. A large sample of undergraduates completed three laboratory-based WM measures (operation span, listening span, and n-back), as well as the WM subtests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III and the Wechsler Memory Scale-III. Performance on all of the WM subtests of the clinical batteries shared positive correlations with the lab measures; however, the Arithmetic and Spatial Span subtests shared lower correlations than the other WM tests. Factor analyses revealed that a factor comprising scores from the three lab WM measures and the clinical subtest, Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS), provided the best measurement of WM. Additionally, a latent variable approach was taken using fluid intelligence as a criterion construct to further discriminate between the WM tests. The results revealed that the lab measures, along with the LNS task, were the best predictors of fluid abilities. 相似文献
279.
Jennifer J. McComas Dana Wagner Melissa Coolong Chaffin Erin Holton Mimi McDonnell Emily Monn 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2009,18(1):56-70
Brief experimental analyses (BEA) have been used to identify effective individualized interventions for improving reading
fluency with school-age children. Interventions involving incentives, modeling, repeated reading, and error correction are
most often tested in a BEA. However, these interventions are rarely modified according to individual student needs. The current
study examined the effects of varied levels of modeling (passage, sentence, word) and varied contingencies (tracking and fluency)
on fluency in non-treated high-word overlap passages and general outcome measure passages. BEA-identified interventions were
effective for improving reading fluency on non-treated passages for both second grade students and the third grade student.
Notably, the effects reversed when intervention was withdrawn with one of the second grade students. Results are discussed
in terms of considerations in the application of BEA technology in the schools. 相似文献
280.
Recent assessments have shown that capuchin monkeys, like chimpanzees and other Old World primate species, are sensitive to
quantitative differences between sets of visible stimuli. In the present study, we examined capuchins’ performance in a more
sophisticated quantity judgment task that required the ability to form representations of food quantities while viewing the
quantities only one piece at a time. In three experiments, we presented monkeys with the choice between two sets of discrete
homogeneous food items and allowed the monkeys to consume the set of their choice. In Experiments 1 and 2, monkeys compared
an entirely visible food set to a second set, presented item-by-item into an opaque container. All monkeys exhibited high
accuracy in choosing the larger set, even when the entirely visible set was presented last, preventing the use of one-to-one
item correspondence to compare quantities. In Experiment 3, monkeys compared two sets that were each presented item-by-item
into opaque containers, but at different rates to control for temporal cues. Some monkeys performed well in this experiment,
though others exhibited near-chance performance, suggesting that this species’ ability to form representations of food quantities
may be limited compared to previously tested species such as chimpanzees. Overall, these findings support the analog magnitude
model of quantity representation as an explanation for capuchin monkeys’ quantification of sequentially presented food items.
相似文献
Theodore A. EvansEmail: |