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251.
In everyday discourse, people typically represent actions in one of two ways: how they are performed or why they are performed. In the present study, we determined the neural systems that support these natural modes of representing actions. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while identifying how and why people perform various familiar actions. Identifying how actions are performed produced activity in premotor areas that support the execution of actions and in higher-order visual areas that support the perception of action-related objects; this finding supports an embodied view of action knowledge. However, identifying why actions are performed preferentially engaged areas of the brain associated with representing and reasoning about mental states; these areas were right temporoparietal junction, precuneus, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and posterior superior temporal sulcus. Our results suggest that why action knowledge is not sufficiently constituted by information in motor and visual systems, but requires a system for representing states of mind, which do not have reliable motor correlates or visual appearance. 相似文献
252.
Stacy L. Bliss Christopher H. Skinner Elizabeth McCallum Lee B. Saecker Emily Rowland-Bryant Katie S. Brown 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2010,19(2):156-168
An adapted alternating treatments design was used to compare the effectiveness of a taped-problems (TP) intervention with
TP and an additional immediate assessment (TP + AIA) on the multiplication fluency of six fifth-grade students. During TP,
the students listened to a tape playing a series of multiplication problems and answers three times. Students were instructed
to try to beat the tape by writing each answer before they heard it on the tape. The interval between each problem and answer
was varied as the problems were repeated. For the TP + AIA condition, immediately after completing TP, students completed
an extra assessment sheet consisting of the same problems heard on the tape. Results showed increases in math-fact fluency
across both treatment sets of problems (TP and TP + AIA) and a control set of problems. However, results varied across students
and only two of the students showed meaningful gains when the TP was supplemented with the AIA. Implications and directions
for future research are discussed. 相似文献
253.
Emily E. Enns Patrick Boudreault Christina G. S. Palmer 《Journal of genetic counseling》2010,19(2):161-173
Given the medical and cultural perspectives on deafness it is important to determine if genetic counselors’ attitudes toward
deaf people can affect counseling sessions for deafness genes. One hundred fifty-eight genetic counselors recruited through
the National Society of Genetic Counselors Listserv completed an online survey assessing attitudes toward deaf people and
scenario-specific comfort levels discussing and offering genetic testing for deafness. Respondents with deaf/Deaf friends
or who work in prenatal or pediatric settings had more positive attitudes toward deaf people than those without deaf/Deaf
friends or those working in ‘other’ settings. More positive attitudes toward deaf people correlated with higher comfort level
talking about genetic testing for the two scenarios involving culturally Deaf clients; and correlated with higher comfort level offering genetic testing to culturally Deaf clients wishing to have a deaf child. Attitudes and comfort level were not correlated
in the scenarios involving hearing or non-culturally deaf clients. These results suggest that genetic counselors’ attitudes
could affect information provision and the decision making process of culturally Deaf clients. Cultural sensitivity workshops
in genetic counseling training programs that incorporate personal interactions with culturally Deaf individuals are recommended.
Additional suggestions for fostering personal interactions are provided. 相似文献
254.
Michael Browning Emily A. Holmes Catherine J. Harmer 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(1):8-20
A negative bias in the deployment of attention to emotional stimuli is commonly found in both anxiety and depression. Recent
work has highlighted that such biases are causally related to emotional vulnerability, suggesting that interventions that
ameliorate them may be therapeutic. Here, we review the evidence that attentional bias can be modified using both pharmacological
and psychological interventions. We highlight the behavioral and neuroimaging studies that suggest that these interventions
impact upon attention via alteration of distinct neural mechanisms. Specifically, pharmacological interventions appear to
influence the initial deployment of attention via an effect on the amygdala-based stimulus appraisal system, whereas psychological
interventions influence attention at later time points and may alter activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex. Finally, we
suggest a conceptual framework that embraces both pharmacological and psychological approaches and consider the possible implications
of this work for future research and treatment development. 相似文献
255.
Hayden EP Klein DN Sheikh HI Olino TM Dougherty LR Dyson MW Durbin CE Singh SM 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2010,10(5):696-702
Association studies of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and negative emotionality (NE) are inconclusive. However, emerging evidence suggests that the association between this polymorphism and NE may be influenced by levels of another temperament trait, positive emotionality (PE). Therefore, this study examined whether the association between the 5-HTTLPR and NE was moderated by PE. A community sample of 413 three-year-old children completed a standardized battery of laboratory tasks designed to tap temperamental emotionality. Children were also genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR. No direct association between 5-HTTLPR genotype and NE was found. However, the interaction of child PE and NE predicted 5-HTTLPR genotype. Furthermore, children with a short allele who were also low in PE had significantly greater NE than children without a short allele or children with high PE. Our findings suggest that the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR is associated with NE only in the context of low PE. Inconsistent links between NE and this gene in previous research may stem from the failure to consider other temperament traits that moderate associations. 相似文献
256.
It is almost a truism that disagreement produces conflict. This article suggests that perceptions of bias can drive this relationship. First, these studies show that people perceive those who disagree with them as biased. Second, they show that the conflict-escalating approaches that people take toward those who disagree with them are mediated by people's tendency to perceive those who disagree with them as biased. Third, these studies manipulate the mediator and show that experimental manipulations that prompt people to perceive adversaries as biased lead them to respond more conflictually-and that such responding causes those who engage in it to be viewed as more biased and less worthy of cooperative gestures. In summary, this article provides evidence for a "bias-perception conflict spiral," whereby people who disagree perceive each other as biased, and those perceptions in turn lead them to take conflict-escalating actions against each other (which in turn engender further perceptions of bias, continuing the spiral). 相似文献
257.
Perceptual grouping is a pre-attentive process which serves to group local elements into global wholes, based on shared properties. One effect of perceptual grouping is to distort the ability to estimate the distance between two elements. In this study, biases in distance estimates, caused by four types of perceptual grouping, were measured across three tasks, a perception, a drawing and a construction task in both typical development (TD: Experiment 1) and in individuals with Williams syndrome (WS: Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, perceptual grouping distorted distance estimates across all three tasks. Interestingly, the effect of grouping by luminance was in the opposite direction to the effects of the remaining grouping types. We relate this to differences in the ability to inhibit perceptual grouping effects on distance estimates. Additive distorting influences were also observed in the drawing and the construction task, which are explained in terms of the points of reference employed in each task. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the above distortion effects are also observed in WS. Given the known deficit in the ability to use perceptual grouping in WS, this suggests a dissociation between the pre-attentive influence of and the attentive deployment of perceptual grouping in WS. The typical distortion in relation to drawing and construction points towards the presence of some typical location coding strategies in WS. The performance of the WS group differed from the TD participants on two counts. First, the pattern of overall distance estimates (averaged across interior and exterior distances) across the four perceptual grouping types, differed between groups. Second, the distorting influence of perceptual grouping was strongest for grouping by shape similarity in WS, which contrasts to a strength in grouping by proximity observed in the TD participants. 相似文献
258.
Sahakyan L Delaney PF Waldum ER 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(2):408-414
Three experiments evaluated whether the magnitude of the list-method directed forgetting effect is strength dependent. Throughout these studies, items were strengthened via operations thought to increase context strength (spaced presentations) or manipulations thought to increment the item strength without affecting the context strength (processing time and processing depth). The assumptions regarding which operations enhance item and context strength were based on the "one-shot" hypothesis of context storage (K. J. Malmberg & R. M. Shiffrin, 2005). The results revealed greater directed forgetting of strong items compared with weak items, but only when strength was varied via spaced presentations (Experiment 3). Equivalent directed forgetting was observed for strong and weak items when strengthening operations increased item strength without affecting the context strength (Experiments 1 and 2). These results supported the context hypothesis of directed forgetting (L. Sahakyan & C. M. Kelley, 2002). 相似文献
259.
Recruitment of anterior and posterior structures in lexical-semantic processing: an fMRI study comparing implicit and explicit tasks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Previous studies examining explicit semantic processing have consistently shown activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). In contrast, implicit semantic processing tasks have shown activation in posterior areas including the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) with less consistent activation in the IFG. These results raise the question whether the functional role of the IFG is related to those processes needed to make a semantic decision or to processes involved in the extraction and analysis of meaning. This study examined neural activation patterns during a semantic judgment task requiring overt semantic analysis, and then compared these activation patterns to previously obtained results using the same semantically related and unrelated word pairs in a lexical decision task which required only implicit semantic processing (Rissman, J., Eliassen, J. C., & Blumstein, S. E. (2003). An event-related fMRI investigation of implicit semantic priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 1160-1175). The behavioral results demonstrated that the tasks were equivalent in difficulty. fMRI results indicated that the IFG and STG bilaterally showed greater activation for semantically unrelated than related word pairs across the two tasks. Comparison of the two task types across conditions revealed greater activation for the semantic judgment task only in the STG bilaterally and not in the IFG. These results suggest that the pre-frontal cortex is recruited similarly in the service of both the lexical decision and semantic judgment tasks. The increased activation in the STG in the semantic judgment task reflects the greater depth of semantic processing required in this task and indicates that the STG is not simply a passive store of lexical-semantic information but is involved in the active retrieval of this information. 相似文献
260.
This study sought to provide a more rigorous prospective test of two cognitive vulnerability models of depression with longitudinal data from 496 adolescent girls. Results supported the cognitive vulnerability model in that stressors predicted future increases in depressive symptoms and onset of clinically significant major depression for individuals with a negative attributional style, but not for those with a positive attributional style, although these effects were small. This model appeared to be specific to depression, in that it did not predict future increases in bulimia nervosa or substance abuse symptoms. In contrast, results did not support the integrated cognitive vulnerability self-esteem model that asserts stressors should only predict increased depression for individuals with a confluence of negative attributional style and low self-esteem, and this model did not appear to be specific to depression. 相似文献