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851.
Non-pharmaceutical interventions, including social distancing, quarantine, and isolation, are a potentially attractive means to limit the transmission of a pandemic virus. Many of these interventions are directed at children given children's disproportionate role in amplifying epidemics. The ethics of non-pharmaceutical interventions can be analyzed using Nancy Kass' ethics framework for public health. Such an analysis highlights the limited data supporting these interventions' effectiveness. It also suggests the framework itself needs to be expanded to consider harms other than constraints on liberty and to consider affirmative programs to mitigate these broader harms. 相似文献
852.
Jacob Kraemer Tebes Emily C. Cook Jeffrey J. Vanderploeg Richard Feinn Matthew J. Chinman Jane K. Shepard Tamika Brabham Christian M. Connell 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(4):406-413
Parental knowledge is defined as parental awareness and information about a child’s activities, whereabouts, and associations
that is obtained through parental monitoring, parental solicitation, or self-disclosure. Increased parental knowledge is generally
associated with lower adolescent substance use; however, the influence of various contextual factors, such as adolescent gender
and grade level is not well understood, particularly for different racial or ethnic groups. In the present study, we used
Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling analyses to examine the longitudinal relationship of parental knowledge to adolescent
substance use in the context of adolescent gender and grade level among 207 urban African American adolescents in grades 6–11.
Results indicated that increased parental knowledge is associated with a concurrent lower likelihood of substance use across
all types of substances examined (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, other drug use, and any drug use), but it did not predict changes
in substance use 1 year later for the entire sample. However, analyses by gender and grade level showed that for boys and
middle school youth, parental knowledge was a protective factor for increases in substance use across 1 year. Findings are
discussed in terms of their implications for prevention and health promotion interventions for adolescent substance use among
African American youth. 相似文献
853.
Sanderson DJ Hindley E Smeaton E Denny N Taylor A Barkus C Sprengel R Seeburg PH Bannerman DM 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2011,18(3):181-190
Deletion of the GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit impairs short-term spatial recognition memory. It has been suggested that short-term recognition depends upon memory caused by the recent presentation of a stimulus that is independent of contextual-retrieval processes. The aim of the present set of experiments was to test whether the role of GluA1 extends to nonspatial recognition memory. Wild-type and GluA1 knockout mice were tested on the standard object recognition task and a context-independent recognition task that required recency-dependent memory. In a first set of experiments it was found that GluA1 deletion failed to impair performance on either of the object recognition or recency-dependent tasks. However, GluA1 knockout mice displayed increased levels of exploration of the objects in both the sample and test phases compared to controls. In contrast, when the time that GluA1 knockout mice spent exploring the objects was yoked to control mice during the sample phase, it was found that GluA1 deletion now impaired performance on both the object recognition and the recency-dependent tasks. GluA1 deletion failed to impair performance on a context-dependent recognition task regardless of whether object exposure in knockout mice was yoked to controls or not. These results demonstrate that GluA1 is necessary for nonspatial as well as spatial recognition memory and plays an important role in recency-dependent memory processes. 相似文献
854.
Child and Adolescent Emotion Regulation: The Role of Parental Emotion Regulation and Expression 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper reviews current literature relating to parent and child emotional functioning, specifically their emotion regulatory
skills and emotional expression. Included are considerations regarding theoretical, methodological, and sampling strengths
and weaknesses of existing literature. On the basis of the review, several directions for future research are proposed. First,
it is argued that consistency in the measurement of emotion regulation is necessary, including assessment of more refined
theoretical conceptualizations of regulatory types, skills, or strategies. Second, it is argued that emotion regulation developmental
research examining the post-early childhood period is necessary in order to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding
of youths’ emotion regulation. Finally, it is argued that greater examination of paternal influences on child emotional functioning,
in addition to maternal influences, is required. Consideration of these issues in future emotion regulation research will
ideally contribute to a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in child and adolescent development of optimal regulatory
capacities. 相似文献
855.
Vraga EK 《Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking》2011,14(11):689-694
In a new media environment replete with opportunities to test and express political identity, this study examines how people respond when confronted with a political test result that contradicts their partisan affiliation. An incongruent test result should produce motivated processing, but only when individuals do not dismiss the incongruent result will they experience dissonance and alter their social identification. Using a series of experiments, the results of this study supported these hypotheses. Implications of these findings for political psychology and message response are discussed. 相似文献
856.
Two studies evaluated the validity of the interpersonal scales, Dominance (DOM) and Warmth (WRM), from the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991, 2007) to measure the 2 dimensions of the interpersonal circumplex (IPC). In Study 1, 114 college freshmen completed the PAI and the Interpersonal Adjectives Scale (IAS; Wiggins, 1995). In Study 2, 170 college students completed the PAI and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Short Circumplex (IIP-SC; Soldz, Budman, Demby, & Merry, 1995). The results of both studies supported the convergent validity of DOM and WRM, although discriminant validity was stronger using the IIP-SC as the criterion. Circumplex projections placed DOM and WRM in the appropriate segments of both the IAS and IIP-SC. These findings provide additional support for the validity of the PAI interpersonal scales as measures of the primary dimensions of the IPC. 相似文献
857.
Treadwell TW Reisch EE Travaglini LE Kumar VK 《International journal of group psychotherapy》2011,61(4):503-517
This study tested the notion that the construction and telling of a collaborative group story would facilitate the development of group cohesion within the context of an actual classroom setting over the duration of the course. Participants were 125 students in 8 classes (4 experimental, 4 control) of a group psychotherapy course that focused on the principles and techniques of cognitive behavior therapy in conjunction with psychodrama techniques. Results showed significantly higher cohesion scores in the experimental condition compared to the control condition, suggesting that collaborative story building and telling is a viable strategy for improving group cohesion. 相似文献
858.
859.
Using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm, participants are presented with lists of associated words (e.g., bed, awake, night etc). Subsequently, they reliably have false memories for related but non‐presented words (e.g. SLEEP). The present study investigated whether false memories could be created for brand names (e.g. Morrisons, Sainsbury's, Waitrose and TESCO) using the DRM paradigm and whether the effect was reduced if stimuli were presented in brand appropriate fonts compared with a plain font. Participants were presented with lists of brand names in plain or brand appropriate fonts, followed by a distractor task or free recall. Finally, they had a recognition task. Both false recall and false recognition of non‐presented brand names occurred. Brand specific fonts at study had no effect on recall but increased overall recognition. There was considerable variability in levels of false recall and false recognition amongst lists and across participants and reasons for this are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
860.
Adolescents differ in the extent to which they believe that parents have legitimate authority to impose rules restricting adolescents' behavior. The purpose of the current study was to test predictors of individual differences in legitimacy beliefs during the middle school years. Annually, during the summers following Grades 5, 6, and 7, early adolescents (n = 218; 51% female, 47% African American, 73% in 2-parent homes) reported their beliefs regarding the legitimacy of parents' rules that restrict and monitor adolescents' free time activities. Cross-lagged analyses revealed that legitimacy beliefs were bidirectionally associated with independent decision making, psychological control, antisocial peer involvement, and resistance to control. Legitimacy beliefs declined more rapidly during the middle school years for boys than for girls and for adolescents who were older relative to their classmates. More independent decision making in Grades 5 and 6 predicted larger than expected declines in legitimacy beliefs in Grades 6 and 7. In sum, legitimacy beliefs weaken developmentally, and weaker legitimacy beliefs relative to same-grade peers are anteceded by premature autonomous experiences, psychological control, and adolescent attributes. 相似文献