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871.
In the trenches of real-world self-control: neural correlates of breaking the link between craving and smoking 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Successful goal pursuit involves repeatedly engaging self-control against temptations or distractions that arise along the way. Laboratory studies have identified the brain systems recruited during isolated instances of self-control, and ecological studies have linked self-control capacity to goal outcomes. However, no study has identified the neural systems of everyday self-control during long-term goal pursuit. The present study integrated neuroimaging and experience-sampling methods to investigate the brain systems of successful self-control among smokers attempting to quit. A sample of 27 cigarette smokers completed a go/no-go task during functional magnetic resonance imaging before they attempted to quit smoking and then reported everyday self-control using experience sampling eight times daily for 3 weeks while they attempted to quit. Increased activation in right inferior frontal gyrus, pre-supplementary motor area, and basal ganglia regions of interest during response inhibition at baseline was associated with an attenuated association between cravings and subsequent smoking. These findings support the ecological validity of neurocognitive tasks as indices of everyday response inhibition. 相似文献
872.
Lisa M. Penney Emily M. Hunter Sara J. Perry 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2011,84(1):58-77
We leverage conservation of resources (COR) theory to explain how conscientiousness and emotional stability (ES) are associated with resource management strategies that may reflect instrumentally driven counterproductive work behaviour (CWB). Specifically, we investigated how the relationship between conscientiousness and CWB varies as a function of the level of available personal (i.e., ES) and organizationally provided (i.e., experienced job constraints) resources. Results from two surveys administered 4 weeks apart to US employees indicate that the negative relationship between conscientiousness and CWB is positive among employees who are low in ES. 相似文献
873.
Alexander EL Butler RK Guimond C Butler B Sadovnick AD 《Journal of genetic counseling》2011,20(2):129-135
The University of British Columbia Hospital Clinic for Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders (UBCH-CARD) invests significant
effort to obtain medical records for the confirmation of patient–reported family histories of dementia. The effectiveness
of requesting these records was assessed through a review of the 275 requests made by UBCH-CARD genetic counselors during
the 24-month period of January 1, 2005–December 31, 2006. The results were categorized according to outcome. Useful medical
records were obtained from 92 (33.5%) requests: 77 (28%) records supported, and 15 (5.5%) records did not support, the patient–reported
information. An additional 20 (7.5%) requests yielded only vague information. When verification was possible, patient–reported
family histories of Alzheimer disease, dementia, or memory loss were accurate in 84% of cases. During the study period, almost
500 h of genetic counselor work time was spent obtaining, reviewing, and following-up on records received. Changes made to
UBCH-CARD procedure in response to these findings are discussed. 相似文献
874.
Alina Morawska Matthew Sanders Elizabeth Goadby Clea Headley Lauren Hodge Christine McAuliffe Sue Pope Emily Anderson 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(5):614-622
Behavioural parenting programs are an effective intervention for behavioural and emotional problems in children, however these
programs have low utilisation rates by culturally diverse parents. We examined the cultural acceptability of program materials,
preferences for delivery methods, and barriers to use of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program. One hundred and thirty seven
parents watched a video outlining the 17 strategies in Triple P and read through a tip sheet before completing a series of
questionnaires. Results revealed that parents found the strategies highly acceptable, highly useful, were very likely to use
the strategies and reported currently using the strategies often. They also rated the program materials as very culturally
appropriate and identified group, seminar, television, and individual as the most preferred delivery methods. Parents identified
location and timing of services, financial cost, and competing work commitments as the most frequently cited barriers to accessing
a parenting intervention. The findings of this study suggest that elements of parenting programs may not be contributing to
the low rates of access among culturally diverse parents. These findings highlight the need for more research addressing variables
that may contribute to increasing culturally diverse parents’ access of behavioural parenting programs. 相似文献
875.
876.
This online diary study investigated how motives interact with goal pursuit to predict daily autobiographical experiences. Participants (N = 141) completed measures of implicit and explicit achievement, provided daily memories and reports of their goal pursuit during a 3-week diary period. A stronger implicit achievement motive at the onset of the study was associated with more agentic (and fewer communal) autobiographical content. Goal progress was linked with using more agentic words, while goal attainability was related to using more communal words. Interactions between motives and goal pursuit on autobiographical memory suggests a trade-off: Favorable goal pursuit conditions may prompt people not motivated for achievement to shift their focus from agentic to communal themes, while individuals motivated for achievement maintain their priorities. 相似文献
877.
Beran MJ Evans TA Klein ED Einstein GO 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2012,38(3):233-243
Planning is an important aspect of many daily activities for humans. Planning involves forming a strategy in anticipation of a future need. However, evidence that nonhuman animals can plan for future situations is limited, particularly in relation to the many other kinds of cognitive capacities that they appear to share with humans. One critical aspect of planning is the ability to remember future responses, or what is called prospective coding. Two monkey species (Macaca mulatta and Cebus apella) performed a series of computerized tasks that required encoding a future response at the outset of each trial. Monkeys of both species showed competence in all tests that were given, providing evidence that they anticipated future responses and that they appropriately engaged in those responses when the time was right for such responses. In addition, some tests demonstrated that monkeys even remembered future responses that were not as presently motivating as were other aspects of the task environment. These results indicated that monkeys could anticipate future responses and retain and implement those responses when appropriate. 相似文献
878.
Emily E. Dunlap Emily C. Hodell Jonathan M. Golding Nesa E. Wasarhaley 《Sex roles》2012,66(5-6):405-417
Two experiments investigated mock-juror perceptions of intimate stalking using Kentucky’s (United States) anti-stalking legislation. Experiment 1 used a mock-juror methodology in which 177 undergraduates (87 men and 90 women) from a large southeastern US university read a stalking trial summary and rendered individual judgments as mock jurors. The main research question of Experiment 1 was how participant gender impacted trial judgments (e.g., verdict) when the gender of both the defendant and victim were manipulated. Overall, the results showed that men rendered significantly fewer guilty verdicts than women, particularly in conditions that included the prototypical type of intimate stalking (female victim/male defendant). In Experiment 2, also using a mock-juror methodology, 129 undergraduates (51 men and 78 women) from a large southeastern U.S. university read a stalking trial summary (involving a female victim and male defendant) and rendered individual judgments as mock jurors. The main research question of Experiment 2 focused on whether victim fear (high or low) impacted trial judgments (e.g., verdict). The results yielded an interaction of participant gender and victim fear. Specifically, whereas different levels of fear did not impact women, men yielded fewer guilty verdicts in the low victim fear condition compared to the high victim fear condition. The results of the present experiments are discussed in terms of the implications of stalking allegations brought to trial. 相似文献
879.
Older adults show elevated false alarm rates on recognition memory tests involving faces in comparison to younger adults. It has been proposed that this age-related increase in false facial recognition reflects a deficit in recollection and a corresponding increase in the use of familiarity when making memory decisions. To test this hypothesis, we examined the performance of 40 older adults and 40 younger adults on a face recognition memory paradigm involving three different types of lures with varying levels of familiarity. A robust age effect was found, with older adults demonstrating a markedly heightened false alarm rate in comparison to younger adults for "familiarized lures" that were exact repetitions of faces encountered earlier in the experiment, but outside the study list, and therefore required accurate recollection of contextual information to reject. By contrast, there were no age differences in false alarms to "conjunction lures" that recombined parts of study list faces, or to entirely new faces. Overall, the pattern of false recognition errors observed in older adults was consistent with excessive reliance on a familiarity-based response strategy. Specifically, in the absence of recollection older adults appeared to base their memory decisions on item familiarity, as evidenced by a linear increase in false alarm rates with increasing familiarity of the lures. These findings support the notion that automatic memory processes such as familiarity remain invariant with age, while more controlled memory processes such as recollection show age-related decline. 相似文献
880.
We examined the role of self-relevance in older and younger adults' evaluations of remembered events. In Study 1, participants rated the positivity of their own positive, negative and neutral memories as well as those of a same-aged peer. Older adults rated events more positively than younger adults did, regardless of the memory source. In Study 2, we showed that this age difference is not due to differences in the valence of the events that older and younger adults reported. This effect appears to reflect the more positive mindset of older people, rather than an intention to regulate emotions associated with personal experiences. Finally, there was one effect for self relevance: Regardless of age, participants rated their own remembered events as more emotionally intense than those of a same aged peer. 相似文献