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281.
Jennifer J. McComas Dana Wagner Melissa Coolong Chaffin Erin Holton Mimi McDonnell Emily Monn 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2009,18(1):56-70
Brief experimental analyses (BEA) have been used to identify effective individualized interventions for improving reading
fluency with school-age children. Interventions involving incentives, modeling, repeated reading, and error correction are
most often tested in a BEA. However, these interventions are rarely modified according to individual student needs. The current
study examined the effects of varied levels of modeling (passage, sentence, word) and varied contingencies (tracking and fluency)
on fluency in non-treated high-word overlap passages and general outcome measure passages. BEA-identified interventions were
effective for improving reading fluency on non-treated passages for both second grade students and the third grade student.
Notably, the effects reversed when intervention was withdrawn with one of the second grade students. Results are discussed
in terms of considerations in the application of BEA technology in the schools. 相似文献
282.
Recent assessments have shown that capuchin monkeys, like chimpanzees and other Old World primate species, are sensitive to
quantitative differences between sets of visible stimuli. In the present study, we examined capuchins’ performance in a more
sophisticated quantity judgment task that required the ability to form representations of food quantities while viewing the
quantities only one piece at a time. In three experiments, we presented monkeys with the choice between two sets of discrete
homogeneous food items and allowed the monkeys to consume the set of their choice. In Experiments 1 and 2, monkeys compared
an entirely visible food set to a second set, presented item-by-item into an opaque container. All monkeys exhibited high
accuracy in choosing the larger set, even when the entirely visible set was presented last, preventing the use of one-to-one
item correspondence to compare quantities. In Experiment 3, monkeys compared two sets that were each presented item-by-item
into opaque containers, but at different rates to control for temporal cues. Some monkeys performed well in this experiment,
though others exhibited near-chance performance, suggesting that this species’ ability to form representations of food quantities
may be limited compared to previously tested species such as chimpanzees. Overall, these findings support the analog magnitude
model of quantity representation as an explanation for capuchin monkeys’ quantification of sequentially presented food items.
相似文献
Theodore A. EvansEmail: |
283.
Emily R. Batty Laurie L. Bloomfield Marcia L. Spetch Christopher B. Sturdy 《Animal cognition》2009,12(4):633-641
Since Cheng (Cognition 23:149–178, 1986) first proposed the “geometric module” in rats, a great deal of research has focused
on how other species use geometric information and how geometric encoding may differ across species. Here, hand-reared and
wild-caught black-capped chickadees and wild-caught mountain chickadees searched for food hidden in one corner in a rectangular
environment. Previous research has shown that mountain chickadees do not spontaneously encode geometric information when a
salient feature is present near the goal location. Using a slightly different training and testing procedure, we found that
both hand-reared and wild-caught black-capped chickadees encoded geometric information, even in the presence of a salient
landmark. Some, but not all, mountain chickadees also encoded geometric information. Overall, our results suggest that use
of geometric information may be a less preferred strategy for mountain chickadees than for either wild-caught or hand-reared
black-capped chickadees. To our knowledge, this is the first direct interspecies comparison of use of geometric information
in a spatial orientation task. 相似文献
284.
Symptoms of angina and dyspnea predict coronary artery disease and death less well in women than in men. Greater somatosensory amplification - a psychosocial propensity to report symptoms of physical discomfort - may lead women to report relatively high levels of angina and dyspnea for reasons unrelated to coronary disease, reducing their associations with mortality. We assessed this hypothesis in a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults. When stratified by gender, angina and dyspnea significantly predicted mortality among men, but predicted it less well among women. After adjusting for amplification, cardiovascular symptoms did not predict mortality among women, but amplification was positively associated with mortality among older women. 相似文献
285.
286.
Researchers have yet to examine the impact of neighborhood disadvantage on early child behavior problems (BPs) longitudinally. We examined the impact of neighborhood disadvantage on overt BPs in a low-income, urban sample of 281 African American and European American boys followed longitudinally from toddlerhood to school entry. Measures included census data and maternal report of BPs, sociocultural factors, parental criminality, and maternal depressive symptomatology. After controlling for age 2 overt BPs, family selection variables, and residential instability, neighborhood effects on boys' behavior emerged, but only at age 6 and only at the extreme of neighborhood disadvantage (i.e., underclass). Findings suggest boys in underclass neighborhoods are at risk for overt BPs as they make the transition to elementary school. 相似文献
287.
The role of religious fundamentalism and its relationship to shame and guilt was evaluated in 107 students who attend a church-sponsored university. A number of personality measures were given and gender differences were analyzed. The role of externalization was similar for males in this sample to that of earlier studies. However, it was found that females showed positive correlations between externalization and both shame and guilt. For females, more fundamentalistic religious training may help to contribute to an external orientation at the expense of identifying with a personal religion, and appropriate guilt. 相似文献
288.
Nils Inge Landrø Emily Pape–Ellefsen Karl Otto Hagland & Torleiv Odland 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2001,42(5):459-465
The aim of the present study was to examine different dimensions of memory functioning in young schizophrenics with normal general intellectual abilities. Thirty-three patients with schizophrenia and 33 healthy controls were included in the study. The results suggest that immediate short-term memory is intact, though there emerged a working memory deficit in the schizophrenia group. Deficient encoding of verbal material was observed in some, but not in other, testing conditions. There also seemed to be a retrieval deficit for verbal material in schizophrenia, though no storage deficit was indicated. Impaired memory for non-verbal material was also revealed. These results occurred in a context of intact executive functioning as measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The results indicate that temporal and frontal structures, as well as their interconnections, may be compromised in schizophrenia. 相似文献
289.
Emily A. Impett Kristin P. Beals Letitia A. Peplau 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2001,20(4):312-326
This study tested Rusbult’s (1980, 1983) investment model of relationship commitment and stability using data from both partners
of 3,627 married couples. As pre-dicted, spouses’ satisfaction, investments, and quality of alternatives were unique predictors
of their commitment to the marital relationship. Additionally, commitment assessed at the initial testing predicted marital
termination or stability 18 months later. Multiple-group path analyses showed that the investment model provided an adequate
fit to the data and that the associations among variables were similar for husbands and wives. Limitations of the model as
well as directions for future research are consid-ered.
This research used the American Couples, 1975-1978, data set [made accessible in 1992, computer data]. These data were collected
by Philip Blumstein and Pepper Schwartz and are available through the archive of the Henry A. Murray Research Center of Radcliffe
College, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Producer and Distributor). This paper is based on work supported under a National Science
Foundation Graduate Fellowship awarded to Emily A. Impett and a UCLA Academic Senate Research Grant to Letitia Anne Peplau.
The authors are very grateful to Kevin Kim and Jodie Ullman for statistical consulting and Brian Doss for comments on an earlier
draft. 相似文献
290.
Emily McRae 《The Journal of religious ethics》2012,40(1):99-121
This paper addresses the ways that we can understand and transform our strong emotions and how this project contributes to moral and spiritual development. To this end, I choose to think with two Tibetan Buddhist thinkers, both of whom take up the question of how passionate emotions can fit into spiritual and moral life: the famous, playful yogin Shabkar Tsodruk Rangdrol (1781–1851) and the wandering, charismatic master Patrul Rinpoche (1808–1887). Shabkar's The Autobiography of Shabkar provides excellent examples of using one's own passionate emotions to connect to others and gain insight into the world. Patrul Rinpoche's The Words of My Perfect Teacher (kun bzang bla ma'i zhal lung) focuses on passionate empathy with the emotions of others. Drawing on these texts, I present a (distinctly Buddhist) conception of a passionate life and argue that passionate emotional experience is a central part of moral and spiritual development more broadly construed. 相似文献