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251.
Frances K. Braun Emily S. Fine Dan C. Greif Jean M. Devenny 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2010,38(3):130-141
Accurate assessment of ethnic minority clients is often hindered by clinician bias and lack of culturally sensitive instruments. Multicultural guidelines can enhance clinician awareness and sensitivity in conducting assessments with diverse populations. These guidelines are illustrated using an Asian Indian American character from Lahiri's (2008) novel Unaccustomed Earth. La evaluación precisa de clientes pertenecientes a minorías étnicas se ve con frecuencia dificultada por el sesgo de los especialistas clínicos y la falta de instrumentos culturalmente sensibles. Las directrices multiculturales pueden ampliar la conciencia de los especialistas y su sensibilidad al llevar a cabo evaluaciones con poblaciones diversas. Estas directrices se ilustran usando un personaje indoasiáticoamericano extraído de la novela Unaccustomed Earth de Lahiri (2008). 相似文献
252.
253.
Who benefits most from making sacrifices for others? The current study provides one answer to this question by demonstrating the intrinsic benefits of sacrifice for people who are highly motivated to respond to a specific romantic partner's needs noncontingently, a phenomenon termed communal strength. In a 14-day daily-experience study of 69 romantic couples, communal strength was positively associated with positive emotions during the sacrifice itself, with feeling appreciated by the partner for the sacrifice, and with feelings of relationship satisfaction on the day of the sacrifice. Furthermore, feelings of authenticity for the sacrifice mediated these associations. Several alternative hypotheses were ruled out: The effects were not due to individuals higher in communal strength making qualitatively different kinds of sacrifices, being more positive in general, or being involved in happier relationships. Implications for research and theory on communal relationships and positive emotions are discussed. 相似文献
254.
In everyday discourse, people typically represent actions in one of two ways: how they are performed or why they are performed. In the present study, we determined the neural systems that support these natural modes of representing actions. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while identifying how and why people perform various familiar actions. Identifying how actions are performed produced activity in premotor areas that support the execution of actions and in higher-order visual areas that support the perception of action-related objects; this finding supports an embodied view of action knowledge. However, identifying why actions are performed preferentially engaged areas of the brain associated with representing and reasoning about mental states; these areas were right temporoparietal junction, precuneus, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and posterior superior temporal sulcus. Our results suggest that why action knowledge is not sufficiently constituted by information in motor and visual systems, but requires a system for representing states of mind, which do not have reliable motor correlates or visual appearance. 相似文献
255.
Stacy L. Bliss Christopher H. Skinner Elizabeth McCallum Lee B. Saecker Emily Rowland-Bryant Katie S. Brown 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2010,19(2):156-168
An adapted alternating treatments design was used to compare the effectiveness of a taped-problems (TP) intervention with
TP and an additional immediate assessment (TP + AIA) on the multiplication fluency of six fifth-grade students. During TP,
the students listened to a tape playing a series of multiplication problems and answers three times. Students were instructed
to try to beat the tape by writing each answer before they heard it on the tape. The interval between each problem and answer
was varied as the problems were repeated. For the TP + AIA condition, immediately after completing TP, students completed
an extra assessment sheet consisting of the same problems heard on the tape. Results showed increases in math-fact fluency
across both treatment sets of problems (TP and TP + AIA) and a control set of problems. However, results varied across students
and only two of the students showed meaningful gains when the TP was supplemented with the AIA. Implications and directions
for future research are discussed. 相似文献
256.
Emily E. Enns Patrick Boudreault Christina G. S. Palmer 《Journal of genetic counseling》2010,19(2):161-173
Given the medical and cultural perspectives on deafness it is important to determine if genetic counselors’ attitudes toward
deaf people can affect counseling sessions for deafness genes. One hundred fifty-eight genetic counselors recruited through
the National Society of Genetic Counselors Listserv completed an online survey assessing attitudes toward deaf people and
scenario-specific comfort levels discussing and offering genetic testing for deafness. Respondents with deaf/Deaf friends
or who work in prenatal or pediatric settings had more positive attitudes toward deaf people than those without deaf/Deaf
friends or those working in ‘other’ settings. More positive attitudes toward deaf people correlated with higher comfort level
talking about genetic testing for the two scenarios involving culturally Deaf clients; and correlated with higher comfort level offering genetic testing to culturally Deaf clients wishing to have a deaf child. Attitudes and comfort level were not correlated
in the scenarios involving hearing or non-culturally deaf clients. These results suggest that genetic counselors’ attitudes
could affect information provision and the decision making process of culturally Deaf clients. Cultural sensitivity workshops
in genetic counseling training programs that incorporate personal interactions with culturally Deaf individuals are recommended.
Additional suggestions for fostering personal interactions are provided. 相似文献
257.
Michael Browning Emily A. Holmes Catherine J. Harmer 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(1):8-20
A negative bias in the deployment of attention to emotional stimuli is commonly found in both anxiety and depression. Recent
work has highlighted that such biases are causally related to emotional vulnerability, suggesting that interventions that
ameliorate them may be therapeutic. Here, we review the evidence that attentional bias can be modified using both pharmacological
and psychological interventions. We highlight the behavioral and neuroimaging studies that suggest that these interventions
impact upon attention via alteration of distinct neural mechanisms. Specifically, pharmacological interventions appear to
influence the initial deployment of attention via an effect on the amygdala-based stimulus appraisal system, whereas psychological
interventions influence attention at later time points and may alter activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex. Finally, we
suggest a conceptual framework that embraces both pharmacological and psychological approaches and consider the possible implications
of this work for future research and treatment development. 相似文献
258.
Hayden EP Klein DN Sheikh HI Olino TM Dougherty LR Dyson MW Durbin CE Singh SM 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2010,10(5):696-702
Association studies of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and negative emotionality (NE) are inconclusive. However, emerging evidence suggests that the association between this polymorphism and NE may be influenced by levels of another temperament trait, positive emotionality (PE). Therefore, this study examined whether the association between the 5-HTTLPR and NE was moderated by PE. A community sample of 413 three-year-old children completed a standardized battery of laboratory tasks designed to tap temperamental emotionality. Children were also genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR. No direct association between 5-HTTLPR genotype and NE was found. However, the interaction of child PE and NE predicted 5-HTTLPR genotype. Furthermore, children with a short allele who were also low in PE had significantly greater NE than children without a short allele or children with high PE. Our findings suggest that the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR is associated with NE only in the context of low PE. Inconsistent links between NE and this gene in previous research may stem from the failure to consider other temperament traits that moderate associations. 相似文献
259.
It is almost a truism that disagreement produces conflict. This article suggests that perceptions of bias can drive this relationship. First, these studies show that people perceive those who disagree with them as biased. Second, they show that the conflict-escalating approaches that people take toward those who disagree with them are mediated by people's tendency to perceive those who disagree with them as biased. Third, these studies manipulate the mediator and show that experimental manipulations that prompt people to perceive adversaries as biased lead them to respond more conflictually-and that such responding causes those who engage in it to be viewed as more biased and less worthy of cooperative gestures. In summary, this article provides evidence for a "bias-perception conflict spiral," whereby people who disagree perceive each other as biased, and those perceptions in turn lead them to take conflict-escalating actions against each other (which in turn engender further perceptions of bias, continuing the spiral). 相似文献
260.
Perceptual grouping is a pre-attentive process which serves to group local elements into global wholes, based on shared properties. One effect of perceptual grouping is to distort the ability to estimate the distance between two elements. In this study, biases in distance estimates, caused by four types of perceptual grouping, were measured across three tasks, a perception, a drawing and a construction task in both typical development (TD: Experiment 1) and in individuals with Williams syndrome (WS: Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, perceptual grouping distorted distance estimates across all three tasks. Interestingly, the effect of grouping by luminance was in the opposite direction to the effects of the remaining grouping types. We relate this to differences in the ability to inhibit perceptual grouping effects on distance estimates. Additive distorting influences were also observed in the drawing and the construction task, which are explained in terms of the points of reference employed in each task. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the above distortion effects are also observed in WS. Given the known deficit in the ability to use perceptual grouping in WS, this suggests a dissociation between the pre-attentive influence of and the attentive deployment of perceptual grouping in WS. The typical distortion in relation to drawing and construction points towards the presence of some typical location coding strategies in WS. The performance of the WS group differed from the TD participants on two counts. First, the pattern of overall distance estimates (averaged across interior and exterior distances) across the four perceptual grouping types, differed between groups. Second, the distorting influence of perceptual grouping was strongest for grouping by shape similarity in WS, which contrasts to a strength in grouping by proximity observed in the TD participants. 相似文献