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951.
Emily Balcetis David Dunning Yael Granot 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2012,48(1):122-129
Does subjective reward value influence early visual perception? During binocular rivalry, one eye receives an image that is incompatible with the image the other eye receives. People consciously experience perceiving one image; the other image is suppressed from conscious awareness. We tested if subjective value functions as an endogenous influence (i.e., one internal to the perceiver) on dominance during rivalry. Images associated with rewards achieved initial perceptual dominance more often than images associated with cost (Study 1, Methods, Participants and procedures, Stimuli and presentation, Experimental counterbalancing conditions, Results, Study 2, Methods, Participants, Stimuli and presentation, Procedure, Results, Reports of letters v. numbers seen as initial percept, Reports of dot location, Study 3). Value facilitated perception of rewarding images but did not inhibit perception of costly images (Study 3). Additionally, when rewards benefited a disliked person, no bias in perceptual dominance was observed. Subjective value biased dominance despite accuracy incentives and was not explained by frequency of exposure, implicit learning, response bias, or task-specific accessibility. We discuss implications for the influence of motivated influences on perception, a phenomenon we call wishful seeing. 相似文献
952.
Previous research has established that experiential purchases tend to yield greater enduring satisfaction than material purchases. The present work suggests that this difference in satisfaction is paralleled by a tendency for material and experiential purchases to differ in the types of regrets they elicit. In 5 studies, we find that people's material purchase decisions are more likely to generate regrets of action (buyer's remorse) and their experiential purchase decisions are more likely to lead to regrets of inaction (missed opportunities). These results were not attributable to differences in the desirability of or satisfaction provided by the two purchase types. Demonstrating the robustness of this effect, we found that focusing participants on the material versus experiential properties of the very same purchase was enough to shift its dominant type of regret. This pattern of regret is driven by the tendency for experiences to be seen as more singular--less interchangeable--than material purchases; interchangeable goods tend to yield regrets of action, whereas singular goods tend to yield regrets of inaction. 相似文献
953.
Cheryl L. Holt Emily Schulz Beverly Williams Eddie M. Clark Min Qi Wang Penny L. Southward 《Journal of religion and health》2012,51(4):1061-1074
African American faith communities are an important source of social capital. The present study adapted a theory-based social capital instrument to result in religious (e.g., from organized worship) and spiritual (e.g., from relationship with higher power) capital measures. Data from a national sample of 803 African Americans suggest the instruments have high internal reliability and are distinct from general religiosity. Measurement models confirmed factor structures. Religious capital was positively associated with self-rated health status. Religious and spiritual capital were negatively associated with depressive symptoms, but these associations largely became nonsignificant in multivariate models that controlled for demographic characteristics. An exception is for spiritual capital in the form of community participation, which retained a negative association with depressive symptoms. These instruments may have applied value for health promotion research and practice in African American communities. 相似文献
954.
The goal of the present set of experiments was to examine whether a cue-based mechanism could account for how, and under what conditions, spatial information is tracked. In five experiments, reading times were measured for a target sentence that contradicted the earlier-described location of a protagonist. When the target sentence contained either one or two cues to earlier spatial information (Experiments 1a-1c), reading times were disrupted. When all cues were eliminated (Experiments 2a and 2b), reading time were disrupted only when readers were instructed to take the perspective of the protagonist. The combined results of all five experiments are consistent with a cue-based mechanism: Readers encode spatial information but do not update earlier-encoded spatial information except in response to specific text characteristics (i.e., cues to earlier spatial information) or task demands (e.g., an instruction to read from the perspective of the protagonist) that increase the accessibility of earlier-encoded spatial information. 相似文献
955.
Chango JM McElhaney KB Allen JP Schad MM Marston E 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(3):369-379
The role of rejection sensitivity as a critical diathesis moderating the link between adolescent relational stressors and
depressive symptoms was examined using multi-method, multi-reporter data from a diverse community sample of 173 adolescents,
followed from age 16 to 18. Relational stressors examined included emotional abuse, maternal behavior undermining adolescents’
autonomy and relatedness, and lack of support from close peers. As hypothesized, multiple relational stressors were found
to predict the future development of depressive symptoms, but as hypothesized predictions existed primarily for adolescents
who were highly rejection sensitive. Results are discussed in terms of a diathesis-stress model of depression and suggest
that though relational stressors have previously shown consistent modest links to depressive symptoms, understanding pre-existing
intrapsychic vulnerabilities of the adolescent may be critical to identifying the processes by which such stressors lead to
depressive symptoms. 相似文献
956.
957.
Emily Bariola Elizabeth K. Hughes Eleonora Gullone 《Journal of child and family studies》2012,21(3):443-448
We examined the direct relationships between parent and child emotion regulation (ER) strategy use during the transitionary
and understudied developmental periods of middle childhood through to adolescence. Three hundred and seventy-nine participants
aged between 9 and 19 years, completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. In addition, 358
of their mothers and 207 of their fathers completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Providing partial support for the
hypothesis, maternal use of the ER Expressive Suppression strategy was significantly predictive of their child’s use of Suppression.
However, paternal ER strategy use was unrelated to their child’s ER strategy use. Child age did not moderate the relationships
investigated. These findings suggest that children’s ER during middle childhood and adolescence is more closely related to
the ER of their mother than their father. It is proposed that this may be accounted for by emotion socialization processes. 相似文献
958.
Cherry KE Silva Brown J Jackson Walker E Smitherman EA Boudreaux EO Volaufova J Michal Jazwinski S 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2012,19(1-2):319-337
ABSTRACT We examined the effect of a semantic orienting task during encoding on free recall and recognition of simple line drawings and matching words in middle-aged (44-59 years), older (60-89 years), and oldest-old (90+ years) adults. Participants studied line drawings and matching words presented in blocked order. Half of the participants were given a semantic orienting task and the other half received standard intentional learning instructions. Results confirmed that the pictorial superiority effect was greater in magnitude following semantic encoding compared to the control condition. Analyses of clustering in free recall revealed that oldest-old adults' encoding and retrieval strategies were generally similar to the two younger groups. Self-reported strategy use was less frequent among the oldest-old adults. These data strongly suggest that semantic elaboration is an effective compensatory mechanism underlying preserved episodic memory performance that persists well into the ninth decade of life. 相似文献
959.
Fiona Gabbert Lorraine Hope Ronald P. Fisher Kat Jamieson 《Applied cognitive psychology》2012,26(4):568-575
Two studies investigated whether an early recall opportunity, in the form of a self‐administered interview (SAI), reduced forgetting and protected against the negative consequences of post‐event misinformation. In both studies, participants viewed a simulated crime on DVD after which half immediately recorded their statement by using the SAI, whereas control participants did not have an immediate recall opportunity. Following a delay, participants were presented with misinformation encountered either in a misleading news report (Study 1) or in the form of misleading cued‐recall questions (Study 2). Results showed that participants who had completed a SAI after witnessing an event were significantly less prone to forgetting and significantly more resistant to the negative consequences of misinformation. The SAI was able to protect both the quantity and quality of information about a previously witnessed event. Applied implications are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
960.
The present experiment examined the role of cognitive flexibility in the consistency of truth tellers' and liars' reports. We expected liars to be less flexible (less able to report an experience in different ways) and hence less consistent than truth tellers when asked to describe an event in different ways (e.g. verbally and pictorially). In the experiment, truth tellers entered a room and performed several tasks, whereas liars did not enter the room or perform the tasks but attempted to convince an interviewer that they did. Truth tellers and liars were interviewed twice about the room and tasks, and were asked to express their answers either the same way on both interviews (e.g. verbally then again verbally) or in different ways (e.g. verbally then pictorially). In support of the cognitive flexibility hypothesis, liars' reports were less consistent than truth tellers' reports, particularly when reporting in different ways across interviews. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献