不可能有精神分析学的危机——1974年拉康访谈录

在1974年的一次访谈中,拉康针对当时人们越来越多地谈到精神分析学的危机问题,明确回答说,弗洛伊德的学说并没有过时,精神分析学也远远没有走到尽头。不过,当时的精神分析学界确实也出现了一些偏离,后辈们并不总是忠实于他们的鼻祖弗洛伊德,精神分析学面临着被教条化、心理学化和平庸化的危险处境。对此,他再次呼吁要回到弗洛伊德去。弗洛伊德认为,精神分析学主要是一门实践学科,是言语的实践,并非行为的治疗。患者的言语,是精神分析的唯一材料。     

Normality as Background Causality

Husserl Studies - Normality, for Husserl, is said in many ways. While the most detailed treatments of this technical Husserlian concept are usually found in discussions concerning the constitutive...     

Enhancing Interpretability in Factor Analysis by Means of Mathematical Optimization

Abstract

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is a widely used statistical technique to discover the structure of latent unobserved variables, called factors, from a set of observed variables. EFA exploits the property of rotation invariance of the factor model to enhance factors’ interpretability by building a sparse loading matrix. In this paper, we propose an optimization-based procedure to give meaning to the factors arising in EFA by means of an additional set of variables, called explanatory variables, which may include in particular the set of observed variables. A goodness-of-fit criterion is introduced which quantifies the quality of the interpretation given this way. Our methodology also exploits the rotational invariance of EFA to obtain the best orthogonal rotation of the factors, in terms of the goodness-of-fit, but making them match to some of the explanatory variables, thus going beyond traditional rotation methods. Therefore, our approach allows the analyst to interpret the factors not only in terms of the observed variables, but in terms of a broader set of variables. Our experimental results demonstrate how our approach enhances interpretability in EFA, first in an empirical dataset, concerning volumes of reservoirs in California, and second in a synthetic data example.