Psychotherapeutenausbildung aus Sicht der Absolventen

Background

A survey was performed to assess the current situation in education and to identify critical issues 10 years after the inception of the psychotherapy act in Germany.

Methods

In August 2008 all non-medical psychotherapists who had graduated since 2002 according the psychotherapy act were invited to take part in the survey and a total of 863 persons participated. The answers from 666 could be evaluated corresponding to a participation rate of 20%.

Results

A total of 57.6% of the graduates had completed a full-time training and approximately 50% of the graduates had completed the training within the allotted time. In the majority of cases evaluation occurred only for the theoretical courses. During the practical work (PT I) 36.8% of the graduates did not receive any salary or remuneration, 82% had their own field of activity and of these 38% treated patients without the presence of qualified tutor.

Conclusions

The training often lasts longer than intended, the financial situation in the PT I is exceptionally critical and in clear contrast to the field of activity in this section of training. Further detailed results will be presented and discussed.     

Das Ausmaß von Müdigkeit und Erschöpfbarkeit in der über 60-jährigen Normalbevölkerung in Deutschland

In a community-based random sample of 622 elderly persons over 60 years of age, fatigue was assessed by means of the multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI; a self-assessment measure). Higher fatigue values were found with increasing age, particularly physical feelings of fatigue, reduced activity and reduced motivation. Fatigue was associated with depression, with a low health-related quality of life and with subjective physical complaints. Distinct fatigue symptoms in the elderly should therefore be regarded as possible indicators for somatic and/or psychological burdens and should receive diagnostic and therapeutic attention. In the present paper, mean values and percentiles for different age groups over 60 years are given as norm values for the normal population over 60 years of age.     

Individuelle Lernstrategien von Totenkopfäffchen bei der Diskriminierung von visuellen Sequenzen

Zusammenfassung Durch 5 Lehrprogramme wurden Totenkopfäffchen in einer instrumentellen Verhaltenssituation darauf trainiert, Sequenzen von zwei Lichtern (weiß und blau; A und B) voneinander zu unterscheiden. In Programm 5 wurden alle 4 Permutationen der Elemente A und B, also AB, BA, AA und BB als Lichtreize verwendet. Die Beantwortung von B in AB wurde belohnt.Die Analyse der Strategien der Tiere in Programm 5 ergab verschiedene Strategien für verschiedene Tiere bei der Konfrontation mit den verschiedenen Sequenzen trotz des gleichen Vortrainings der Tiere: Zufallsbeantwortung, Beantwortung des zweiten Lichtes der Sequenzen, Beantwortung von B in 2. Position, Beantwortung nach jedem Stimulus A und jedes Stimulus A in 1. Position.Von 7 Tieren erreichten 4 die für diese Diskriminierung notwendige Strategie Beantwortung von B nach Stimulus A.3 Tiere verbliehen bis zum Schluß in der Strategie Beantwortung nach einem Stimulus A in 1. Position, die eine Vorstufe der Sequenzendiskriminierung darstellt.Durch die durchgeführte Analyse ist auch eine Beurteilung von Beantwortungsschemata möglich, die noch keine Diskriminierung von Sequenzen darstellen und damit eine Beurteilung dessen ermöglicht, was einem Versuchttier von der dargebotenen Information relevant geworden ist. Das Verhaltensmodell ist entwickelt zur Verwendung bei verschiedenen Manipulationen im Zentralnervensystem (Ausschaltungen, Psychopharmaka), bei den Effekten in den zeitlichen Parametern des Lernprozesses zu erwarten sind oder beurteilt werden sollen.

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Individual learning strategies for discrimination between visual sequences in squirrel monkeys

Summary Squirrel monkeys were trained to discriminate between the four permutations of a two-element sequence of colored lights (white and blue, A-B). Five teaching programs were developed to direct the animals' activity in an instrumental behavioral situation. In Program 5 the animals were confronted with all possible sequences in randomized order and were only rewarded if they pressed a lever in the B-part of sequence AB.Analysis of the animals' strategies revealed different strategies in different animals when exposed to program 5, although the animals had undergone the same training previously: Random responding, responding to the second part of each sequence, responding to B in the second position of a sequence, responding after each stimulus A, and responding after each stimulus A in the first position of a sequence.Four out of 7 animals reached the necessary strategy for real discrimination of sequences, namely responding to B after a stimulus A.Three animals faited to advance beyond the strategy responding after a stimulus A in the first position of a sequence, which represents the closest strategy before real discrimination of the sequences.The analysis performed makes it possible to find out which cues the animals use in the performance of the task, even if the animal has not yet reached true discrimination between sequences.The experimental model has been developed for use as a sensitive instrument for the detection or assessment of changes in the temporal parameters of the learning process in experiments where manipulations of the central nervous system (lesions, drug) make such changes likely.

     

Referential Intentions: A Response to Buchanan and Peet

Buchanan [2014] argues for a Gricean solution to well-known counterexamples to direct reference theories of content. Peet [2016] develops a way to change the counterexample so that it seems to speak against Buchanan's own proposal. I argue that both theorists fail to notice a significant distinction between the kinds of cases at issue. Those appearing to count against direct reference theory must be described such that speakers have false beliefs about the identity of the object to which they intend to refer, beliefs that appear relevant to the determination of what constitutes communicative success. This suggests, further, that cases of this sort do not provide a basis for robust generalizations about singular reference.     

Kandidaten in psychotherapeutischer Ausbildung

In the context of the discussion about a reform of psychotherapeutic training in Germany the question arises, which factors influence the decision of psychologists and physicians for a particular training. 343 candidates in psychodynamic, behavioural or psychoanalytic training were asked about their motives for the training, their professional objectives in general and their satisfaction with their choice of training. The candidates' decision for a particular training was associated with personal attitudes and professional goals, with the given information about psychotherapeutic treatment within their studies and with their field of study. For the most part, the respondents are not satisfied with the quality and quantity of information on psychotherapeutic treatment within their studies. Candidates in analytic training are altogether more satisfied with their choice of training and do not plan to start an additional psychotherapeutic training as often as candidates in behavioral training. The consequences of these results in particular for the medical and psychological curricula (a more balanced representation of psychotherapeutic methods) are discussed.     

On raising the international dissemination of German research: Does changing publication language to English attract foreign authors to publish in a German basic psychology research journal?

It has been proposed that German basic psychology journals should change publication language to English in order to facilitate access to research from German-speaking countries. However, to truly increase the dissemination of German research, it seems crucial to progress towards an internationalization of authors and readers. We applied bibliometric analysis to investigate the impact of the transition to English on the rate of foreign authors publishing in Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie/Experimental Psychology, as well as possible associated changes in citation patterns. There was an increase in the rate of articles published by foreign authors from 14.6 and 8.7 per cent, respectively, for the last biannual periods as German-language journal, to 52.7 per cent in the first biannual period as English-language journal. Regarding citations patterns, the clearest changes emerged for domestic authors. The results illustrate possible consequences of a transition to English as publication language, and reveal that Experimental Psychology has successfully established certain prerequisites for an increase of the international dissemination of German psychology research.     

Compositionality and sandbag semantics

It is a common view that radical contextualism about linguistic meaning is incompatible with a compositional explanation of linguistic comprehension. Recently, some philosophers of language have proposed theories of ‘pragmatic’ compositionality challenging this assumption. This paper takes a close look at a prominent proposal of this kind due to François Recanati. The objective is to give a plausible formulation of the view. The major results are threefold. First, a basic distinction that contextualists make between mandatory and optional pragmatic processes needs to be revised. Second, the pragmatic theory can with stand a Davidsonian objection only by rejecting the importance of a distinction between primitive and non-primitive semantic items. Thirdly, however, the theory is now open to a worry about how it should be understood: either the theory consists in a very broad functionalist generalization about communication, which makes it explanatorily inert, or it boils down to a highly particularist view about linguistic meaning. Finally, I argue that Recanati’s notion of ‘occasion meaning’ is problematic and suggest replacing it with the notion of speaker meaning, which is explanatorily more basic.     

Good medical research--the view of the CDBI/Council of Europe

Medical research aims to achieve a better scientific understanding of health and disease. It is firstly undertaken for the improvement of medical care in general, not excluding a potential direct benefit for participants undergoing such research. There is a traditional conflict between the fundamental rights and the dignity of those participating individuals and the interests of science, researchers and even the society. The Convention of Human Rights and Biomedicine of the Council of Europe is a new legally binding instrument for the solution of these conflicts. on behalf of the Comité Directeur pour la Bioéthique (CDBI)/Council of Europe An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. Professor Doppelfeld spoke on behalf of CDBI/Council of Europe.     

Frege's Puzzle is About Identity After All

Many philosophers have argued or taken for granted that Frege's puzzle has little or nothing to do with identity statements. I show that this is wrong, arguing that the puzzle can only be motivated relative to a thinker's beliefs about the identity or distinctness of the relevant object. The result is important, as it suggests that the puzzle can be solved, not by a semantic theory of names or referring expressions as such, but simply by a theory of identity statements. To show this, I sketch a framework for developing solutions of this sort. I also consider how this result could be implemented by two influential solutions to Frege's puzzle, Perry's referential‐reflexivism and Fine's semantic relationism.     

Confusion is corruptive belief in false identity

Speakers are confused about identity if they mistake one thing for two or two things for one. I present two plausible models of confusion, the Frege model and the Millikan model. I show how a prominent objection to Fregean models fails and argue that confusion consists in having false implicit beliefs involving the identity relation. Further, I argue that confused identity has characteristic corruptive effects on singular cognition and on the proper function of singular terms in linguistic communication.