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521.
Elliott EM Cherry KE Brown JS Smitherman EA Jazwinski SM Yu Q Volaufova J 《Memory & cognition》2011,39(8):1423-1434
In the present study, we examined adult age differences in short-term and working memory performance in middle-aged (45–64 years),
young–old (65–74 years), old–old (75–89 years), and oldest–old adults (90 years and over) in the Louisiana Healthy Aging Study.
Previous research suggests that measures of working memory are more sensitive to age effects than are simple tests of short-term
memory Bopp and Verhaeghen (Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 60:223–233, 2005), Myerson, Emery, White, and Hale, (Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 10:20–27, 2003). To test this hypothesis, we examined output serial position curves of recall data from three span tasks: forward and backward
digit span and size judgment span. Participants’ recall patterns in the size judgment span task revealed that the two oldest
groups of adults showed the largest decreases in recall performance across output serial positions, but did not differ significantly
from each other. Correlation analyses indicated the strongest negative correlation with age occurred with the size judgment
span task. Implications of these findings for understanding strategic processing abilities in late life are discussed. 相似文献
522.
James Phillips Allen Frances Michael A Cerullo John Chardavoyne Hannah S Decker Michael B First Nassir Ghaemi Gary Greenberg Andrew C Hinderliter Warren A Kinghorn Steven G LoBello Elliott B Martin Aaron L Mishara Joel Paris Joseph M Pierre Ronald W Pies Harold A Pincus Douglas Porter Claire Pouncey Michael A Schwartz Thomas Szasz Jerome C Wakefield G Scott Waterman Owen Whooley Peter Zachar 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2012,7(1):1-15
In face of the multiple controversies surrounding the DSM process in general and the development of DSM-5 in particular, we have organized a discussion around what we consider six essential questions in further work on the DSM. The six questions involve: 1) the nature of a mental disorder; 2) the definition of mental disorder; 3) the issue of whether, in the current state of psychiatric science, DSM-5 should assume a cautious, conservative posture or an assertive, transformative posture; 4) the role of pragmatic considerations in the construction of DSM-5; 5) the issue of utility of the DSM ?C whether DSM-III and IV have been designed more for clinicians or researchers, and how this conflict should be dealt with in the new manual; and 6) the possibility and advisability, given all the problems with DSM-III and IV, of designing a different diagnostic system. Part 1 of this article took up the first two questions. Part 2 took up the second two questions. Part 3 now deals with Questions 5 & 6. Question 5 confronts the issue of utility, whether the manual design of DSM-III and IV favors clinicians or researchers, and what that means for DSM-5. Our final question, Question 6, takes up a concluding issue, whether the acknowledged problems with the earlier DSMs warrants a significant overhaul of DSM-5 and future manuals. As in Parts 1 & 2 of this article, the general introduction, as well as the introductions and conclusions for the specific questions, are written by James Phillips, and the responses to commentaries are written by Allen Frances. 相似文献
523.
James?PhillipsEmail author Allen?Frances Michael?A?Cerullo John?Chardavoyne Hannah?S?Decker Michael?B?First Nassir?Ghaemi Gary?Greenberg Andrew?C?Hinderliter Warren?A?Kinghorn Steven?G?LoBello Elliott?B?Martin Aaron?L?Mishara Joel?Paris Joseph?M?Pierre Ronald?W?Pies Harold?A?Pincus Claire?Pouncey Michael?A?Schwartz Thomas?Szasz Jerome?C?Wakefield G?Scott?Waterman Owen?Whooley Peter?Zachar 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2012,7(1):14
In the conclusion to this multi-part article I first review the discussions carried out around the six essential questions in psychiatric diagnosis – the position taken by Allen Frances on each question, the commentaries on the respective question along with Frances’ responses to the commentaries, and my own view of the multiple discussions. In this review I emphasize that the core question is the first – what is the nature of psychiatric illness – and that in some manner all further questions follow from the first. Following this review I attempt to move the discussion forward, addressing the first question from the perspectives of natural kind analysis and complexity analysis. This reflection leads toward a view of psychiatric disorders – and future nosologies – as far more complex and uncertain than we have imagined. 相似文献
524.
Hess TM Popham LE Emery L Elliott T 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2012,19(1-2):13-34
Normative age differences in memory have typically been attributed to declines in basic cognitive and cortical mechanisms. The present study examined the degree to which dominant everyday affect might also be associated with age-related memory errors using the misinformation paradigm. Younger and older adults viewed a positive and a negative event, and then were exposed to misinformation about each event. Older adults exhibited a higher likelihood than young adults of falsely identifying misinformation as having occurred in the events. Consistent with expectations, strength of the misinformation effect was positively associated with dominant mood, and controlling for mood eliminated any age effects. Also, motivation to engage in complex cognitive activity was negatively associated with susceptibility to misinformation, and susceptibility was stronger for negative than for positive events. We argue that motivational processes underlie all of the observed effects, and that such processes are useful in understanding age differences in memory performance. 相似文献
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R. Elliott Ingersoll 《Counseling and values》2007,51(3):162-162
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