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71.
Stewart H. Hulse 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》1994,1(3):318-322
In this comment, I examine Amsel’s theory in the light of rats’ reaction not to frustrative non-reward per se, but to the more complicated case in which frustrative nonreward is part of a rule-based sequence of reward quantities. The discussion goes beyond Amsel’s emphasis on dispositional memory to consider cognitive and representational memory—the signaling properties of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. The strengths and weaknesses of Amsel’s theory are discussed with the fresh perspective that this viewpoint provides, and some issues emerge that may be fruitful for further study. 相似文献
72.
Elizabeth M. Z. Farmer Ph.D. Adrian Angold MRCPsych Barbara J. Burns Ph.D. E. Jane Costello Ph.D. 《Journal of child and family studies》1994,3(3):307-325
This paper reports on the reliability of children's responses on the Child and Adolescent Services Assessment (CASA) — a self-report instrument for use with 8– to 18-year-olds that gathers information about services used to address mental health problems. Findings were based on interviews completed by 77 children at a one week test-retest interval. Results showed that reports of lifetime service use were as reliable as were reports of service use in the preceding three months. Children reported restrictive and intrusive services more reliably than services that were provided in their natural environment. Reliability appeared to be associated more strongly with characteristics of the type of service than with characteristics of the child. Children also could report reliably on some details about their encounters with service providers (e.g., length of stay, number of visits, and onset of service use). 相似文献
73.
Patricia E. Boverie Denise J. Scheuffele Elizabeth L. Raymond 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1994,13(4):289-302
Research on risk-taking behavior has shown to yield inconsistent findings. Three studies were conducted using four different
analysis techniques. The first study used a phenomenological approach and qualitative analysis to gain an understanding of
risk-taking. A model of factors relating to risk-taking was developed and tested in a second study. The third study was conducted
to develop scales of risk and used magnitude estimation and multidimensional scaling techniques. Results from the studies
confirmed the multidimensionality of the construct of risk-taking. Also indicated was a gender difference in risk-taking behavior
and perception. These studies expand our knowledge of risk-taking behavior in that 1) a method of categorizing risks was developed,
2) gender similarities and differences in risk-taking were explored, and 3) perceived magnitude and underlying dimensions
of risk were developed. 相似文献
74.
Stewart G. Wolf M.D. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1994,29(1):74-76
The study included 17 patients, 12 women and 5 men, with a recurrent symptom complex involving chest pain and dyspnoea characterized
by inability to get a full breath. Some attacks had subsided spontaneously. Others had lasted hours or days. When examined
by fluoroscopy during an attack, each subject was found to have a nearly maximally contracted (flat) diaphragm. In some of
them the attack was promptly interrupted by a small intravenous injection of sodium amytal. In others it could be aborted
by a conscious effort at full expiration. The syndrome associated with diaphragmatic spasm is discussed in comparison with
other noncardiac sources of chest pain and dyspnoea. 相似文献
75.
The present study investigated 2-month-olds’ abilities to discriminate allophonic differences that are potentially useful in segmenting fluent speech. Experiment 1 investigated infants’ sensitivity to the kind of distinction that may signal the presence or absence of a word boundary. When tested with the high-amplitude sucking procedure, infants discriminated pairs of items, such as “nitrate” versus “night rate” and “nikrate” versus “nike rate.” By greatly reducing the potential contribution of prosodic differences to these contrasts, Experiment 2 evaluated whether the allophonic differences for /t/ and /r/ were sufficient for infants to distinguish the “nitrate” versus “night rate” pair. Infants distinguished “nitrate” from a cross-spliced version of “night rate,” which differed only in the allophones for /t/ and /r/ that it included. Thus, infants appear to possess one of the prerequisite capacities (i.e., the ability to discriminate allophonic distinctions) necessary to use allophonic information in segmenting fluent speech. 相似文献
76.
77.
Abstract: Do memories change as we acquire new information? Recent research on memory distortion using implicit tests along with research using confidence is reviewed and new studies are presented. Two new studies asked misinformed subjects to provide reasons for their answers. In each study 15% to 27% of subjects said they remembered seeing items they had only read about. In another study subjects were asked to identify the source of misleading items they had seen in slides or read in misleading questions. Subjects were more likely to say they had seen in slides something they read about in the questions than they were to confuse information from two nearly identical sets of slides. Recent work shows that, not only is it possible to distort memory for events, it is possible to implant an entire memory for something that never happened. The evidence is now clear that we can become mentally tricked into making large as well as small changes in the way we recall the past. 相似文献
78.
Diane M. Morrison Edith E. Simpson Mary Rogers Gillmore Elizabeth A. Wells Marilyn J. Hoppe 《Journal of applied social psychology》1996,26(18):1658-1679
This research examines the applicability of Fishbein and Ajzen's (1975) theory of reasoned action (TRA) to intentions to use cigarettes and alcohol among 5th- and 6th-grade students. It also addresses the question of unidimensionality of outcome beliefs and referent norms. Results suggest that the TRA model describes children's decision making well, although the ability of income and race to add to prediction, net of the effects of attitude and perceived norm, are contrary to the theory's prediction. In addition, we find support for multidimensional components of both attitude and norm for both behaviors. 相似文献
79.
David Schwartz Kenneth A. Dodge John D. Coie Julie A. Hubbard Antonius H. N. Cillessen Elizabeth A. Lemerise Helen Bateman 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1998,26(6):431-440
A contrived play group procedure was utilized to examine the behavioral and social-cognitive correlates of reactive aggression, proactive aggression, and victimization via peers. Eleven play groups, each of which consisted of six familiar African-American 8-year-old boys, met for 45-min sessions on five consecutive days. Social-cognitive interviews were conducted following the second and fourth sessions. Play group interactions were videotaped and examined by trained observers. High rates of proactive aggression were associated with positive outcome expectancies for aggression/assertion, frequent displays of assertive social behavior, and low rates of submissive behavior. Reactive aggression was associated with hostile attributional tendencies and frequent victimization by peers. Victimization was associated with submissive behavior, hostile attributional bias, reactive aggression, and negative outcome expectations for aggression/assertion. These results demonstrate that there is a theoretically coherent and empirically distinct set of correlates associated with each of the examined aggression subtypes, and with victimization by peers. 相似文献
80.
Self-in-relation theory (Jordan, Kaplan, Miller, Stiver, & Surrey, 1991) proposes that a lack of mutuality in women's relationships predisposes them to depression and inhibits their ability to acknowledge and address effectively emotions such as anger. Research linking anger to depression has not examined women's emotional expressivity within the context of their partner relationships. Women's depression as a function of both their level of anger suppression or inappropriate anger expression and the level of perceived relationship mutuality was studied in a sample of 223 college women, aged 18 to 54. Lower levels of mutuality and higher levels of suppressed or inappropriately expressed anger were associated with depression. Moreover, mutuality made contributions to predicting depression beyond that explained by anger. Lower mutuality was also related to higher anger suppression, but unrelated to inappropriately expressed anger. 相似文献