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121.
The dual-process model of recognition memory proposed by Jacoby (1991; see also Mandler, 1980) postulates the existence of two independent components of recognition memory: a conscious retrieval process (recollection) and an automatic component ( familiarity). Older adults appear to be impaired in recollection, but findings with respect to familiarity have been mixed. Studies of the brain bases of these components, using neurological patients, have also been inconclusive. We examined recollection and familiarity, using the process dissociation procedure, in older adults characterized on the basis of both their frontal and their medial temporal lobe function. Findings suggest that only some older adults, depending on their neuropsychological status, are impaired in recollection and/or familiarity: Recollection seems to involve both frontal and medial temporal lobe function, whereas familiarity appears to be dependent only on function associated with the medial temporal lobes. 相似文献
122.
O'Connor TS McCarroll-Butler P Meakes E Davis A Jadad A 《The journal of pastoral care & counseling : JPCC》2002,56(3):227-232
Using computer technology to identify the term "spiritual," these researchers present results of the 2306 citations and compare five criteria discovered with research reported in four pastoral counseling journals. The authors note the limitations of such a search and the possible implications of the findings for health care ministry. 相似文献
123.
Hinshaw SP Owens EB Wells KC Kraemer HC Abikoff HB Arnold LE Conners CK Elliott G Greenhill LL Hechtman L Hoza B Jensen PS March JS Newcorn JH Pelham WE Swanson JM Vitiello B Wigal T 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2000,28(6):555-568
To elucidate processes underlying therapeutic change in a large-scale randomized clinical trial, we examined whether alterations in self-reported parenting practices were associated with the effects of behavioral, medication, or combination treatments on teacher-reported outcomes (disruptive behavior, social skills, internalizing symptoms) in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Participants were 579 children with Combined-type ADHD, aged 7–9.9 years, in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA). We uncovered 2 second-order factors of parenting practices, entitled Positive Involvement and Negative/Ineffective Discipline. Although Positive Involvement was not associated with amelioration of the school-based outcome measures, reductions in Negative/Ineffective Discipline mediated improvement in children's social skills at school. For families showing the greatest reductions in Negative/Ineffective Discipline, effects of combined medication plus behavioral treatment were pronounced in relation to regular community care. Furthermore, only in combination treatment (and not in behavioral treatment alone) was decreased Negative/Ineffective Discipline associated with reduction in children's disruptive behavior at school. Here, children in families receiving combination treatment who showed the greatest reductions in Negative/Ineffective Discipline had teacher-reported disruptive behavior that was essentially normalized. Overall, the success of combination treatment for important school-related outcomes appears related to reductions in negative and ineffective parenting practices at home; we discuss problems in interpreting the temporal sequencing of such process-outcome linkages and the means by which multimodal treatment may be mediated by psychosocial processes related to parenting. 相似文献
124.
Three experiments are reported in which the strategy usage for a compass point directions task was investigated. For this task, people may use either an efficient cancellation strategy or an inefficient spatial strategy (see Roberts, Gilmore, & Wood, 1997). Experiment 1, together with Experiment 2, showed that users of cancellation are unlikely to have explicit prior knowledge of this strategy; instead they discover it as a result of experience with the task. Experiment 1 also showed that strategy selection is unlikely to be based on stylistic preferences, and that reducing the cognitive demands of the task does not increase the discovery of cancellation. Experiment 3 showed that evaluation of strategy validity is also of importance: Unsuccessful evaluation may prevent the selection of a newly discovered strategy, even if it is the more efficient method. 相似文献
125.
The effect of sentence priming on picture naming was investigated across the lifespan, from age 3 to 87 years. Names that are normally acquired before 3 years of age were presented in auditory contexts that were semantically congruent, incongruent, or neutral in relation to each picture and its name. Sentential priming was present at all age levels. Facilitation (neutral vs. congruent) was significantly by 4 years of age and did not vary significantly with age. Interference (incongruent vs. neutral) was significant at all age levels, but changed nonmonotonically with age (largest in the youngest children, stable from young adulthood through age 70, with a small increase in the oldest participants). We conclude that picture naming is a useful tool for the investigation of sentential priming effects across the lifespan and that it can reveal potentially interesting developmental changes in the effects of sentential context on word retrieval. 相似文献
126.
Confidence and accuracy, while often considered to tap the same memory representation, are often found to be only weakly correlated
(e.g., Bothwell, Deffenbacher, & Brigham, 1987; Deffenbacher, 1980). There are at least two possible (nonexclusive) reasons
for this weak relation. First, it may be simply due to noise of one sort or another; that is, it may come about because of
both within- and between-subjects statistical variations that are partially uncorrelated for confidence measures on the one
hand and accuracy measures on the other. Second, confidence and accuracy may be uncorrelated because they are based, at least
in part, on different memory representations that are affected in different ways by different independent variables. We propose
a general theory that is designed to encompass both of these possibilities and, within the context of this theory, we evaluate
effects of four variables—degree of rehearsal, study duration, study luminance, and test luminance—in three face recognition
experiments. In conjunction with our theory, the results allow us to begin to identify the circumstances under which confidence
and accuracy are based on the same versus different sources of information in memory. The results demonstrate the conditions
under which subjects are quite poor at monitoring their memory performance, and are used to extend cue utilization theories
to the domain of face recognition. 相似文献
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129.
Studies in Philosophy and Education - 相似文献
130.