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881.
We present the results of two experiments that probe the ability of rhesus macaques to match visual arrays based on number. Three monkeys were first trained on a delayed match-to-sample paradigm (DMTS) to match stimuli on the basis of number and ignore continuous dimensions such as element size, cumulative surface area, and density. Monkeys were then tested in a numerical bisection experiment that required them to indicate whether a sample numerosity was closer to a small or large anchor value. Results indicated that, for two sets of anchor values with the same ratio, the probability of choosing the larger anchor value systematically increased with the sample number and the psychometric functions superimposed. A second experiment employed a numerical DMTS task in which the choice values contained an exact numerical match to the sample and a distracter that varied in number. Both accuracy and reaction time were modulated by the ratio between the correct numerical match and the distracter, as predicted by Weber's Law. 相似文献
882.
Franz EA 《Journal of motor behavior》2004,36(4):380-1, 402-7; discussion 408-17
The author compares some critical findings of F. Mechsner and his colleagues with related results from other laboratories to point out that when higher levels of representation are available, those levels might come to be the focus of attention and control motor actions by overriding constraints at lower levels of the system. 相似文献
883.
In this research, we investigated the effects of voice and face information on the perceptual learning of talkers and on long-term memory for spoken words. In the first phase, listeners were trained over several days to identify voices from words presented auditorily or audiovisually. The training data showed that visual information about speakers enhanced voice learning, revealing cross-modal connections in talker processing akin to those observed in speech processing. In the second phase, the listeners completed an auditory or audiovisual word recognition memory test in which equal numbers of words were spoken by familiar and unfamiliar talkers. The data showed that words presented by familiar talkers were more likely to be retrieved from episodic memory, regardless of modality. Together, these findings provide new information about the representational code underlying familiar talker recognition and the role of stimulus familiarity in episodic word recognition. 相似文献
884.
Seminal evidence for the Mozart effect was presented by Rauscher, Shaw, and colleagues in 1993 and 1994. A critical evaluation of their methodologies and interpretation of findings raises questions that must be answered before this evidence can be regarded as valid. We discuss issues such as their scoring of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, the experimental design used in their 1993 study, the validity of their 1993 IQ measure, the duration of the Mozart effect, their choice of experimental tasks in relation to predictions of the trion model of neural functioning, and the statistical analyses and interpretation of results in the 1993 and 1994 studies. 相似文献
885.
A Comparison of Phonological Awareness Skills in Early French Immersion and English Children 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tingley PA Dore KA Lopez A Parsons H Campbell E Bird EK Cleave P 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2004,33(3):263-287
This 2-year study examined the effects of early second language exposure on phonological awareness skills. Syllable, onset-rime and phoneme awareness skills of 72 anglophone children attending English or French immersion programs in primary and grade 1 were investigated. Three-way mixed ANOVAS revealed the following effects and interactions. In terms of grade effect, grade 1 students performed significantly better than primary students on phoneme and onset-rime tasks. A stimulus language effect was observed for the three levels of phonological awareness. All children performed better on English tasks than on French ones. Interaction effects of stimulus language by program were revealed for phoneme as well as syllable tasks. Posthoc analyses revealed that French students performed better on English phoneme and syllable tasks than on French, while English students performed better than French immersion students on French syllable tasks. Correlational analyses revealed significant relationships between reading and phoneme and onset-rime phonological awareness tasks regardless of program of instruction (English, French immersion) or language of reading test (English, French). Syllable awareness was only significantly correlated with the French non-word reading task for the French immersion students. 相似文献
886.
Sale E Sambrano S Springer JF Peña C Pan W Kasim R 《American journal of community psychology》2005,36(3-4):195-205
Research regarding prevention strategies for Hispanic youth stress the importance of family interventions because of the particular
importance of family as a protective factor within the Hispanic community. Starting in 1995, the Center for Substance Abuse
Prevention conducted the National Cross-Site Evaluation of High Risk Youth Programs, a 5-year drug and alcohol prevention
study with a sample of approximately 10,500 youth, including nearly 3,000 Hispanic youth. Youth were surveyed regarding their
alcohol use patterns and risk and protective factors, with several measures of family relationships, including family connectedness,
family supervision, and parental attitudes toward their child's alcohol use. Analyses indicate that family factors are highly
linked to alcohol use among Hispanics, particularly among Hispanic females. Longitudinal growth curve analyses indicate that
improving the connections that young Hispanic females have to their parents can have positive long-term effects on delaying
or reducing their alcohol use.
This evaluation was conducted under the direction of Dr. Soledad Sambrano, Ph.D. of the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention
under contract #2777-95-5002 with EMT Associates, Inc. and ORC Macro. The views expressed herein represent the opinions and
analyses of the individual authors and may not necessarily reflect the opinions, official policy, or position of the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration,
or the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. 相似文献
887.
Implementing Family-Centered Interventions Within the Public Middle School: Linking Service Delivery to Change in Student Problem Behavior 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The Adolescent Transitions Program is a family-centered intervention strategy designed to reduce problem behavior and prevent
drug use within a public school environment. A parent consultant within a Family Resource Center (FRC) provided universal,
selected, and indicated interventions that enhanced and supported positive parenting practices known to serve as protective
factors. Implementation of the 3-year FRC model involved 584 students and their families in 4 middle schools. Analyses focused
on the dynamics and effects of parent consultant activities and services. Differences in school “adoption” of the FRC services
were found to be a function of both passage of time and school environment. Despite significant variation in implementation
across schools, FRC services significantly reduced the growth in problem behavior over the course of the middle-school years.
The implications of these findings for dissemination of empirically supported, school-based, family-centered interventions
are discussed. 相似文献
888.
Arnold EM Goldston DB Walsh AK Reboussin BA Daniel SS Hickman E Wood FB 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2005,33(2):205-217
The purpose of this study was to examine the severity of behavioral and emotional problems among adolescents with poor and typical single word reading ability (N = 188) recruited from public schools and followed for a median of 2.4 years. Youth and parents were repeatedly assessed to obtain information regarding the severity and course of symptoms (depression, anxiety, somatic complaints, aggression, delinquent behaviors, inattention), controlling for demographic variables and diagnosis of ADHD. After adjustment for demographic variables and ADHD, poor readers reported higher levels of depression, trait anxiety, and somatic complaints than typical readers, but there were no differences in reported self-reported delinquent or aggressive behaviors. Parent reports indicated no differences in depression, anxiety or aggression between the two groups but indicated more inattention, somatic complaints, and delinquent behaviors for the poor readers. School and health professionals should carefully assess youth with poor reading for behavioral and emotional symptoms and provide services when indicated. 相似文献
889.
Roediger HL Marsh EJ 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2005,31(5):1155-1159
Multiple-choice tests are commonly used in educational settings but with unknown effects on students' knowledge. The authors examined the consequences of taking a multiple-choice test on a later general knowledge test in which students were warned not to guess. A large positive testing effect was obtained: Prior testing of facts aided final cued-recall performance. However, prior testing also had negative consequences. Prior reading of a greater number of multiple-choice lures decreased the positive testing effect and increased production of multiple-choice lures as incorrect answers on the final test. Multiple-choice testing may inadvertently lead to the creation of false knowledge. 相似文献
890.
This study examined the effect of provocateurs' emotion displays on first through fourth graders' social information processing (SIP). Rating and nomination sociometric techniques were used to identify rejected-aggressive, rejected-nonaggressive, average-nonaggressive, and popular-nonaggressive groups. Children viewed videotaped ambiguous provocation situations in which provocateurs' emotion displays were varied systematically. After each vignette, children's recall of story details, attribution of intent, and problem-solving responses were obtained. Half of the children were randomly assigned to a condition where they were asked directly about provocateurs' emotions, and the remaining children were not asked about provocateurs' feelings. Results revealed both developmental and social adjustment differences in SIP. In addition, provocateurs' emotion displays and asking versus not asking about those displays influenced multiple aspects of SIP. 相似文献