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861.
Robinson EJ 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2003,7(6):235-237
By around the age of 4 years, children acknowledge that people can have false beliefs about the world. Six-year-olds are still inclined, however, to confuse their own knowledge with that of more ignorant others. In a recent paper, Hulme, Mitchell and Wood offer a novel explanation for six-year-olds' tendency to make such errors when asked to choose a picture to put in a story character's thought bubble. 相似文献
862.
863.
This study highlights an approach to the development of performance and predictor constructs that has the potential to permit context and culture relevant selection. Task, contextual and adaptive measures of performance were used as criterion data in a selection study involving 325 staff in the hotel industry. Construct-oriented biodata were developed to predict adaptive and contextual performance and the validities were contrasted with measures of cognitive ability and personality. The results provided construct support for the separation of adaptive performance from task and contextual performance and for the predictive validity of change-related biodata after controlling for cognitive ability. The pattern of correlations among the personality measures, biodata scales and cognitive tests supported the construct validity of the biodata scales. Results are discussed in relation to the context in which the data were collected, and the general relevance of the procedure across countries or cultures. 相似文献
864.
Experiments using a preferential looking method, a perceptual judgment method, and a predictive judgment method investigated the development, from 7 months to 6 years of age, of sensitivity to the effects of gravity and inertia on inanimate object motion. The experiments focused on a situation in which a ball rolled off a flat surface and either continued in linear motion (contrary to gravity), turned abruptly and moved downward (contrary to inertia), or underwent natural, parabolic motion. When children viewed the three fully visible motions, both the preferential looking method and the perceptual judgment method provided evidence that sensitivity to inertia developed between 7 months and 2 years, and that sensitivity to gravity began to develop after 3 years. When children predicted the future location of the object without viewing the motions, the predictive judgment method provided evidence that sensitivity to gravity had developed by 2 years, whereas sensitivity to inertia began to develop only at 5–6 years. These findings suggest that knowledge of object motion develops slowly over childhood, in a piecemeal fashion. Moreover, the same system of knowledge appears to be tapped both in preferential looking tasks and in judgment tasks when children view fully visible events, but a different system may underlie children’s inferences about unseen object motions. 相似文献
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866.
Dianne Bertolino-Green Ph.D. Glenn H. Asquith Jr. Ph.D. J. L. Cedarleaf J. Earl Thompson Jr. Sarah F. Speed Rodney J. Hunter Rush Otey Herbert Anderson Rev. James G. Emerson Ph.D. Charles B. Cousar Ph.D. Justo L. González Louis R. Lothman S.T.D. J. Harold Ellens Christie Cozad Neuger Ph.D. C. Benton Kline Jasper N. Keith Jr. Bobbie Wrenn Banks M. Div. John Patton Elizabeth Liebert Jeanne Stevenson Moessner Thomas H. Phillips M.Div. Marie McCarthy Ph.D. Paul J. Johnson III Leslie E. Cole Shirley C. Guthrie 《Pastoral Psychology》1991,39(6):373-431
867.
Elizabeth Brondolo Robin Masheb Jacqueline Stores Tanya Stockhammer Wendy Tunick Elizabeth Melhado William A. Karlin Joseph Schwartz Ernest Harburg Richard J. Contrada 《Journal of applied social psychology》1998,28(22):2089-2118
This study evaluates the psychosocial correlates of anger-related traits. Participants include New York City traffic enforcement agents (TEAs), who issue summonses for vehicular and parking violations and are frequently confronted by angry motorists. This sample of TEAs is 53% African American and 57% female. Participants completed surveys at 2 points, 4 months apart, which measured attitudinal, affective, and expressive components of hostility and anger, as well as dimensions of workplace psychosocial response. Results indicate that trait anger-in was positively associated with frequency of conflict, anger intensity, and burnout in cross-sectional analyses; and positively associated with frequency of conflict in prospective analyses. Trait anger was positively associated with an increase in burnout over a 4-month period. These findings provide support for the transactional model of hostility and health and have implications for worksite interventions promoting cardiovascular health. 相似文献
868.
Children with early brain damage, unlike adult stroke victims, often go on to develop nearly normal language. However, the route and extent of their linguistic development are still unclear, as is the relationship between lesion site and patterns of delay and recovery. Here we address these questions by examining narratives from children with early brain damage. Thirty children (ages 3;7–10;10) with pre- or perinatal unilateral focal brain damage and their matched controls participated in a storytelling task. Analyses focused on linguistic proficiency and narrative competence. Overall, children with brain damage scored significantly lower than their age-matched controls on both linguistic (morphological and syntactic) indices and those targeting broader narrative qualities. Rather than indicating that children with brain damage fully catch up, these data suggest that deficits in linguistic abilities reassert themselves as children face new linguistic challenges. Interestingly, after age 5, site of lesion does not appear to be a significant factor and the delays we have witnessed do not map onto the lesion profiles observed in adults with analogous brain injuries. 相似文献
869.
Definitions of empathy vary widely. One explanation is that the different conceptions reflect personality differences. We investigated this idea with a sample of fifteen experienced counsellor, using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to measure aspects of personality and semistructured interviews to measure conceptions and reported practice of empathy. Counsellors who preferred sensing were found to make more references to empathy as a state and intuitive types to process. Those who preferred thinking and judging had a more active conception and reported practice, while feeling and perceiving types referred to a passive approach. Further relationships predicted by Myer-Briggs theory, between preference for thinking and cognitive empathy, and feeling and affective empathy, were close to statistical significance. Therefore, different psychological types do seem to define empathy differently. Implications for counselling theory, practice and training and education are discussed. 相似文献
870.
A wealth of research is available examining children's story comprehension. However, little attention has been directed toward understanding the story comprehension of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present paper attempts to integrate the developmental literature on children's story comprehension with the little that is known about the story comprehension processes of children with ADHD. This review is guided by a network model of story representation that emphasizes the structure of causal and enabling relations between story events. Examination of the available studies indicates that children with ADHD lag behind their peers in their understanding of causal relations, and that their attentional problems may contribute to difficulties in understanding factual information in the preschool years and causally related information in the elementary years. Some evidence also is presented suggesting that children with ADHD are less effective in taking advantage of story structure features in guiding their recall of story events. Suggestions for future research are offered that would elaborate our knowledge of the developmental progression in the processing of complex information by children with ADHD. 相似文献