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981.
Elizabeth Barnes 《Synthese》2009,168(1):81-96
In this paper I argue that Gareth Evans’ famous proof of the impossibility of de re indeterminate identity fails on a counterpart-theoretic
interpretation of the determinacy operators. I attempt to motivate a counterpart-theoretic reading of the determinacy operators
and then show that, understood counterpart-theoretically, Evans’ argument is straightforwardly invalid. 相似文献
982.
983.
Elizabeth B. Liddle Gaia Scerif Christopher P. Hollis Madeleine J. Groom Peter F. Liddle 《Cognition》2009,112(1):141-158
The acquisition of volitional control depends, in part, on developing the ability to countermand a planned action. Many tasks have been used to tap the efficiency of this process, but few studies have investigated how it may be modulated by participants’ motivation. Multiple mechanisms may be involved in the deliberate exercise of caution when incentives are provided. For example, control may involve modulation of the efficiency of the countermanding process, and/or inhibitory modulation of the impulse to go. One of the most commonly used paradigms to assess control of action is the Stop Signal Task, in which a primary Go stimulus is occasionally followed by a countermanding Stop signal, allowing a Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT) to be inferred as the outcome of a “horse race” between the go and countermanding processes. Here, we present a computational model in which high task motivation modulates proactive pre-stimulus inhibition of the go response. This allows responses to be calibrated so as to fall within a time-window that maximizes the probability of success, regardless of trial type, but does not decrease the observed SSRT. We report empirical support for the model from a sample of typically developing children, and discuss the broader implications for operationalizing measures of volitional control. 相似文献
984.
Emily Ann DeMoor 《Journal of religion and health》2009,48(1):97-112
Three years ago breath took the form of Hurricane Katrina and passed through our bodies and our lives, leaving us forever
changed. We all breathed her, but for those of us living on the Gulf Coast our encounter with Katrina was more intimate, our
breathing more conscious, our memory more charged, our lives forever changed. My story takes me from the winds of Hurricane
Katrina blasting through the Gulf Coast, through the tube of a machine that helped keep my son’s lung expanded, through the
Sinai dessert and the valley of the dry bones, through the in-between spaces of grounded groundlessness, to the forests and
rivers of the Berskhire Mountains, where I have relocated and started my life over. My spiritual journey “home” is a dynamic
story of Earth, wind, fire, water, flesh, and Spirit. 相似文献
985.
David J. Kolko Lorah D. Dorn Oscar G. Bukstein Dustin Pardini Elizabeth A. Holden Jonathan Hart 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(5):591-609
This study examines the treatment outcomes of 139, 6–11 year-old, clinically referred boys and girls diagnosed with Oppositional
Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Conduct Disorder (CD) who were randomly assigned to a modular-based treatment protocol that was
applied by research study clinicians either in the community (COMM) or a clinic office (CLINIC). To examine normative comparisons,
a matched sample of 69 healthy control children was included. Multiple informants completed diagnostic interviews and self-reports
at six assessment timepoints (pretreatment to 3-year follow-up) to evaluate changes in the child’s behavioral and emotional
problems, psychopathic features, functional impairment, diagnostic status, and service involvement. Using HLM and logistic
regression models, COMM and CLINIC showed significant and comparable improvements on all outcomes. By 3-year follow-up, 36%
of COMM and 47% of CLINIC patients no longer met criteria for either ODD or CD, and 48% and 57% of the children in these two
respective conditions had levels of parent-rated externalizing behavior problems in the normal range. We discuss the nature
and implications of these novel findings regarding the role of treatment context or setting for the treatment and long-term
outcome of behavior disorders.
This study was supported by grants to the first author from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH 57727) and to the
second author by the National Institute of Nursing Research (NR 07615). The fourth author was supported by grant K01 MH078039
from the National Institute of Mental Health. The authors acknowledge the research and clinical staff of the Resources to
Enhance the Adjustment of Children (REACH) program, and Drs. David Brent, Tammy Chung, William Gardner, John Lochman, and Wayne Osgood. Reprints may be obtained from
Dr. Kolko, WPIC, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213. 相似文献
986.
987.
This study of infant declarative memory concurrently examined brain-electrical activity and deferred imitation performance in 10-month-old infants. Continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) measures were collected throughout the activity-matched baseline, encoding (modeling) and retrieval (delayed test) phases of a within-subjects deferred imitation task. Infants were divided into two memory performance groups based on the exhibition of ordered-recall after a 24-h delay. Whereas no group differences were found in EEG collected during encoding, performance-group differences in EEG were present during retrieval. Infants who successfully displayed ordered-recall showed a pattern of increasing EEG from baseline to task at anterior temporal scalp locations, whereas infants showing no ordered-recall displayed no changes in EEG from baseline to task. These findings are discussed with respect to the biobehavioral developments underlying declarative memory abilities. 相似文献
988.
The present study utilized an experimental design to investigate the short term effects of exposure to sexualized female video game characters on gender stereotyping and female self-concept in emerging adults. Bussey and Bandura’s (1999) social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation was used to explicate this relationship. Undergraduate students (N?=?328) at a large U.S. Southwestern university participated in the study. Students were randomly assigned to play a “sexualized” heroine, a “non-sexualized” heroine, or no video game; then completed an online questionnaire. Female self-efficacy was negatively affected by game play with the sexualized female character. Results cautiously suggest that playing a sexualized video game heroine unfavorably influenced people’s beliefs about women in the real world. 相似文献
989.
Ann Kathleen Burlew Candace S. Johnson Amanda M. Flowers Bridgette J. Peteet Kyna D. Griffith-Henry Natasha D. Buchanan 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(6):680-689
The consequences of the early onset of substance use on later outcomes are a public health concern. In the present study,
we examined neighborhood risk factors as a possible predictor of the onset of substance use in adolescents. In addition, we
assessed the potential buffering effects of parental supervision on the relationship between neighborhood risk and the onset
of substance use. The participants included 95, abstinent, African American 6th graders (mean age = 11.5 years) who enrolled
in one site of a national, multi-site study of high-risk youth participating in a federally sponsored program. In the 6th
and 8th grades, the participants completed self-report measures regarding substance use, perceived negative neighborhood activities
and parental supervision. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that both exposure to negative neighborhood activities
and low parental supervision increase the onset of substance use by the 8th grade among African American adolescents. However,
the results suggested that parents can protect their adolescents from the impact of exposure to adverse neighborhood factors
by providing appropriate supervision. 相似文献
990.
Elizabeth M. McCarroll Eric W. Lindsey Carol MacKinnon-Lewis Jessica Campbell Chambers James M. Frabutt 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(4):473-485
We examined associations between children’s health status and the quality of their peer relationships, as well as factors
that may account for individual variation in the quality of chronically ill and healthy children’s peer relationships. Our
sample included 268 children (138 boys; 130 girls) with 149 European-Americans and 119 African-Americans. There were 91 children
with a chronic illness; 35 with asthma, 26 with diabetes, and 30 with obesity. Chronically ill children were characterized
by teachers as displaying less prosocial behavior, less overt aggression, and less relational aggression with peers than healthy
children. Chronically ill children reported lower levels of peer contact and higher levels of social anxiety than healthy
children. Among chronically ill children those with high self-esteem were more prosocial and less aggressive than those with
low self-esteem. Our findings suggest that chronically ill children are at risk for peer relationship difficulties, but that
self-esteem may serve as a protective factor against poor peer relationships for some chronically ill children. 相似文献