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31.
Children at two age levels, 6 to 7 years and 9 to 10 years, listened to pairs of words presented dichotically to the left and right ear either simultaneously or in immediate succession. Their task was to report what they heard after each pair. The experimental pairs involved either syntagmatic relations (e.g., bird-fly) or paradigmatic relations (table-chair). The younger children correctly identified more syntagmatic than paradigmatic pairs (using control pairs as a base) while the older children correctly identified more paradigmatic pairs. There was no difference between associated and nonassociated pairs. The results are taken to mean that pragmatic, serial relations dominate the semantic organization of younger children and that logical, hierarchical relations make their impact later in the course of development. 相似文献
32.
Howard S. Hock Barbara Throckmorton Elizabeth Webb Alan Rosenthal 《Memory & cognition》1981,9(5):461-471
The three experiments reported in this study were each conducted in two phases. The first phase of Experiment 1 involved a same-different comparison task requiring “same” responses for both mixed-case (e.g., MAIN main) and pure-case (e.g., near near) pairs. This was followed by Phase 2, a surprise recognition test in which a graphemic effect on word retention was indicated by the superior recognition accuracy obtained for pure-case compared with mixed-case pairs. The first phases of Experiments 2 and 3 involved pronounceability and imageability judgment tasks, respectively. Graphemic retention was assessed by contrasting recognition accuracy for letter strings presented, during Phase 2, in their original Phase 1 case, with letter strings presented, during Phase 2, in. a graphemically dissimilar new case. The experiments provided evidence that there was minimal retention of the graphemic representations from which the phonemic representations of words are generated and, further, that the locus of this effect is probably postlexical. Nonwords were recognized more accurately than words in all three experiments. The latter result was attributed to differences between nonwords and words in both graphemic retention and semantic distinctiveness. 相似文献
33.
Information was evaluated from 1014 families seen in an eight-year period by therapists connected with the Department of Family Psychiatry at Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute in Philadelphia. Statistical analysis revealed several factors that had some predictive value in relation to outcome of therapy; these were race, past psychiatric hospitalization, type of presenting family problem, and number of sessions held. There was a rather good chance of improvement being noted by the therapist if the family stayed in treatment for eight or more sessions. About 90% of the cases were seen for less than 20 interviews. Only about 3% were seen for longer than 35 interviews. The vast majority of EPPI cases were short-term. Black families tended to present different problems from white, and therapy was terminated with blacks sooner than for whites. About 35% of families terminated after one to two interviews, and another 30% after three to seven sessions. Since families tended to benefit most after eight or more sessions, the need for better methods or techniques to engage families is highlighted.The research was supported in part by a Career Development Award from the University of California, San Francisco, to the first author. 相似文献
34.
The differential outcome of 100 psychiatric inpatients distinguished by the presence/absence of secondary alcoholism was examined in shortterm closed group psychotherapy. Alcoholics did not differ from the general sample in outcome, but displayed distinct active/aggressive personality features. Group outcome was not affected by the presence/absence of alcoholic members. 相似文献
35.
Elizabeth M. Botvin Gilbert J. Botvin John L. Michela Eli Baker Anne D. Filazzola 《Journal of applied social psychology》1991,21(11):919-932
In a study designed to assess the relationship between smoking status and correct identification of cigarette brands, junior high school students from two schools viewed cigarette and automobile advertisements with brand and model identification deleted. Results showed that adolescents with higher ad recognition scores were more likely to smoke cigarettes. In addition, a relationship was found between age and correct identification of cigarette advertisements, with older students identifying more ads correctly than younger students. No significant effects emerged for identification of automobile advertisements except for sex, with boys identifying more advertisements than girls. Additional findings indicated that even “experimental” smokers, who smoked as little as once per year, recognized significantly more cigarette advertisements than nonsmokers. These and other results are discussed in terms of their implications for prevention and policy issues. It is argued that society's allowance of printed cigarette advertising overlooks adolescents' heightened vulnerability to the kinds of appeals used in cigarette advertisements. Present policy also overlooks adolescents' relative unresponsiveness to the health risk information required in cigarette advertisements. 相似文献
36.
Elizabeth C. Cameron M.Div. 《Pastoral Psychology》1991,40(1):3-13
Many adults who have survived the death by suicide of one or both parents remain victims of unresolved grief responses far into adulthood. This is all too frequently true, despite years of psychotherapy and or/consultations with representatives of various religious persuasions. Adult survivors of childhood parental suicide require an intervention which bridges the psychotherapeutic issues of parental loss and the spiritual issues raised by a sucidal death. The use of creative rituals is just such a response. By linking psychodynamic and spiritual issues, while simultaneously providing a current experiential process, a creative mourning ritual blends the needs of the inner child for mastery of the parental loss and the adult needs for a spiritual/meaning response. Mastery and meaning can concomitantly evolve through the process of designing, and then enacting, a ritual of grief completion. This is particularly effective, since the ritual is designed by the survivor to meet that person's unique needs. This presentation is an example of just such a ritual and will also include a very brief outline for ritual design. This approach would be useful to anyone working with survivors as well as to survivors themselves. 相似文献
37.
Early lexical development in children with focal brain injury 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Donna J. Thal Virginia Marchman Joan Stiles Dorothy Aram Doris Trauner Ruth Nass Elizabeth Bates 《Brain and language》1991,40(4):491-527
Early lexical development in 27 children with focal brain injury was studied cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Data were obtained from children between 12 and 35 months of age who acquired their lesion prenatally or within the first 6 months of life. Results for the group as a whole provide clear evidence for delays in lexical comprehension and production, and for a larger number of comprehension/production dissociations than would be expected by chance. In addition, a significant number of children were observed having unusual difficulty mastering predication and/or using an atypically high proportion of closed class words (suggesting reliance on holistic/formulaic speech). Analyses by lesion type revealed no effect of lesion size. Analyses according to side of lesion revealed that children with right-hemisphere damage produced a higher proportion of closed class words, suggesting heavy reliance on well-practiced but under-analyzed speech formulae. Children with left-hemisphere damage were slightly better in comprehension than children with right-hemisphere damage. In addition, left posterior lesions were associated with greater delays in expressive language, and delays were more protracted in children with left posterior damage. No differential effects of left posterior damage were found for lexical comprehension. 相似文献
38.
This study investigates the incidence and nature of sexual coercion among sorority women. Particular emphasis is placed on sexual coercion that occurs within the context of fraternal life. Overall, almost half of those studied had experienced some form of sexual coercion, 24% experienced attempted rape, and 17% were victims of completed rape. Almost half of the rapes occurred in a fraternity house, and over half occurred either during a fraternity function or was perpetrated by a fraternity member. This study provides evidence that fraternities represent a social context that tolerates, if not actually encourages, sexual coercion of women, including sorority women. 相似文献
39.
The authors present a comprehensive four-step process for conducting initial career assessment by interview. The process assesses skills, interests, values, non-work relationships, goals and activities, and psychological aspects such as self-esteem and work attitudes. The interview process is flexible, internally consistent and portable. Step One analyzes the client's work history and includes reasons why such a history may be inadequate. Step Two examines work-related preferences. Step Three investigates lifestyle context, and Step Four produces a summary of all the accumulated interview information, including options the client wishes to avoid. Detailed worksheets accompany the article.This article has been adapted, with permission, from Chapter 3, Promoting Client Self Understanding, in Yost, E. B., and Corbishley, M. A.Career Counseling: A Psychological Approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987. 相似文献
40.
Functionalism and type-type identity theories 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Conclusion Token-token identity theorists do not and need not deny that it may frequently be the same (kind of) brain state which on different occasions fills the functional rôle definitive of a given mental state. That is not at issue. What is at issue is whether functionally-oriented identity theorists should make two claims or three claims.The two claims they customarily make are, first, that each instance of a mental state is an instance of a brain state, and, secondly, that being in a mental state is having in one a state filling the relevant functional rôle. But to be in a mental state is to have that state in one. To be in pain is to have pain, to desire water is to have desire for water, and so on; just as to be poisoned is to have poison in you. (It is to have what is poison for you at the time, of course; and likewise for pain, desire and so on.)Our paper has been about a third sort of claim — relating particularly not to being in a mental state, nor to instances of that state, but to the mental state itself. We have argued that functionally-oriented identity theorists can and should make, in addition to the first two claims, the third type-type identity claim that mental states are brain states. Consequently a token brain state is a token of pain in a derivative sense. What makes it a token of pain is that it is a token of the type of brain state which realizes the pain-rôle for the organism at the time. 相似文献