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J. A. Deutsch 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1959,11(3):155-163
An experiment was conducted testing the author's explanation of the discrepancy between results obtained by Hull and Leeper in a similar situation. Animals were run either hungry or thirsty to obtain the appropriate reward by making one response when hungry and another when thirsty. For all groups the reward was in the same goal-box. The first group (Leeper) had the goal-box divided with each side being accessible only if the animal had made the correct response initially. The second group (Hull) had the same goal-box for both rewards, but if the wrong path was taken the animal was prevented from reaching the goal by a block. The third group had the same goal-box for both rewards again, but the animal could reach the goal-box even if the wrong path was taken and discovered the unwanted reward in the goal-box. The results confirm the predictions made from the author's theory. 相似文献
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An influential account of how cognitive control deals with conflicting sources of information holds that conflict is monitored
by a module that automatically recruits attention to resolve the conflict. This leads to reduced effects of conflict on the
subsequent trial, a phenomenon termed conflict adaptation. A prominent question is whether control processes are domain specific—that is, recruited only by the particular type of
conflict they resolve. Previous studies that have examined this question used two-choice tasks in which feature repetition
effects could be responsible for domain-specific adaptation effects. We report two experiments using four-choice (Experiment
1) and five-choice (Experiment 2) tasks that contain two types of irrelevant sources of potentially conflicting information: stimulus location (Simon conflict)
and distractors (flanker conflict). In both experiments, we found within-type conflict adaptation for both types of conflict
after eliminating trials on which stimulus features were repeated from one trial to the next. Across-type conflict adaptation,
however, was not significant. Thus, conflict adaptation was due to domain-specific recruitment of cognitive control. Our results
add converging evidence to the idea that multiple independent control processes are involved in reactive cognitive control,
although whether control is always local remains to be determined. 相似文献
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Herbert C Deutsch R Sütterlin S Kübler A Pauli P 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(2):199-206
This study investigated startle reflex modulation in 33 healthy student participants during the processing of negated emotional
items. To build upon previous research, our particular interest was to find out whether processing of negated emotional items
modulates emotional responding in line with the logical meaning of the negated expression, or instead leads to paradox emotional
effects that point in the direction opposite the one logically implied by the negation. Startle reflex modulation was assessed
during silent reading of pleasant and unpleasant nouns. The nouns were either paired with the possessive pronoun my or with the negation word no. The startle eyeblink amplitude was enhanced during processing of the unpleasant pronoun–noun phrases and attenuated during
processing of the pleasant phrases. Negation attenuated the startle eyeblink for negated unpleasant nouns and enhanced it
for negated pleasant nouns. In line with this finding, negation decreased arousal ratings for unpleasant nouns and reversed
the valence ratings for pleasant nouns. Our results are the first to show an effect of negation on both peripheral physiological
and subjective indices of affective responding. Our results suggest that negation may be an effective strategy for spontaneous
down-regulation of emotional responses to unpleasant, but not to pleasant, stimuli. 相似文献
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Frost R Kugler T Deutsch A Forster KI 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2005,31(6):1293-1326
Most models of visual word recognition in alphabetic orthographies assume that words are lexically organized according to orthographic similarity. Support for this is provided by form-priming experiments that demonstrate robust facilitation when primes and targets share similar sequences of letters. The authors examined form-orthographic priming effects in Hebrew, Arabic, and English. Hebrew and Arabic have an alphabetic writing system but a Semitic morphological structure. Hebrew morphemic units are composed of noncontiguous phonemic (and letter) sequences in a given word. Results demonstrate that form-priming effects in Hebrew or Arabic are unreliable, whereas morphological priming effects with minimal letter overlap are robust. Hebrew bilingual subjects, by contrast, showed robust form-priming effects with English material, suggesting that Semitic words are lexically organized by morphological rather than orthographic principles. The authors conclude that morphology can constrain lexical organization even in alphabetic orthographies and that visual processing of words is first determined by morphological characteristics. 相似文献