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301.
The prospective study compares 31 patients in long-term behavior therapy with 31 patients in psychoanalytically oriented long-term therapy. A naturalistic design was applied within the German health system. All patients underwent a diagnostic interview (SCID) by an external interviewer. Only patients who fulfilled the DSM III-R criteria for a depression or an anxiety disorder were included in the study. Although the diagnoses of the patients undergoing long-term behaviour therapy and long-term psychoanalytical psychotherapy were comparable, we found that they differed in various ways. The differences arose in a number of characteristics, such as education, access to psychotherapy (recommended by professionals versus patients introducing themselves), usage of psychotropic medication, and the strain of symptoms. The average duration of long-term behavior therapy was 2.4 years and 64 sessions. The average duration of psychoanalytically oriented long-term therapy was 3.6 years and 209 sessions. Symptoms (SCL-90-R) and interpersonal problems (IIP) were examined at the beginning, after 1 year, 2.5 years, 3.5 years and after 7 years. Both groups showed significant degrees of improvement within the first 3.5 years and remained stabilized in the following 3.5 years regarding the symptomatic aspects. Focussing on the interpersonal problems, group PA showed further improvement after the 3.5-year period. The BT group however, showed no further improvement after 3.5 years but stabilized. The evaluated phase-model of psychotherapeutic change for short-term therapy was confirmed more clearly for long-term therapies of psychoanalytical orientation than for long-term therapies of behavioral orientation. 相似文献
302.
From June until August 2004 we asked 488 established psychological psychotherapists in selected German federal states for a subjective evaluation of their own health, their utilization of the health care system and their health-related behavior. It turned out that the psychotherapists mainly reported a good state of health although their reported state of health was more negative than in the general population with equal age and level of education. This finding is surely connected with specific mental, physical and existential burdens of their profession as well as with specifics of the “psychotherapist personality”. The psychotherapists’ evaluations highly depend on age, but not significantly on sociodemographical criteria like gender and place of establishment (East/West Germany). Also the affiliation to a therapy school (psychoanalysis, depth psychological funded psychotherapy, behavior therapy) is irrelevant for the subjective evaluation of one’s own health. Concerning the annual number of consultations and disability days the psychotherapists are clearly below average. They report a lot of attentiveness about their health and practice a health-benefical behavior. In this case they make higher demands on themselves than the general population. 相似文献
303.
Guido Van Steendam Guido Van Steendam András Dinnyés Jacques Mallet Rolando Meloni Carlos Romeo Casabona Jorge Guerra González Josef Kuře Eörs Szathmáry Jan Vorstenbosch Péter Molnár David Edbrooke Judit Sándor Ferenc Oberfrank Ron Cole-Turner István Hargittai Beate Littig Miltos Ladikas Emilio Mordini Hans E. Roosendaal Maurizio Salvi Balázs Gulyás Diana Malpede 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(3):415-420
304.
Maarit Mäkelä 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2007,20(3):157-163
During the last decade, research in art and design in Finland has begun to explore new dimensions. Artists and designers have taken an active role in contextualising and interpreting the creative process in practice, as well as the products of this process, by looking at the process itself and the works produced through it. From this new point of view, the knowledge and the skills of a practising artist or designer form a central part of the research process, and this has produced a new way of doing research. In this new type of research project, part of the research is carried out as art or design practice. The central methodological question of this emerging field of research is: how can art or design practice interact with research in such a manner that they will together produce new knowledge, create a new point of view or form new, creative ways of doing research? In this article, the making and the products of making are seen as an essential part of research: they can be conceived both as answers to particular research questions and as artistic or designerly argumentation. As an object made by an artist–researcher, the artefact can also be seen as a method for collecting and preserving information and understanding. However, the artefacts seem unable to pass on their knowledge, which is relevant for the research context. Thus, the crucial task to be carried out is to give a voice to the artefact. This means interpreting the artefact. During the process of interpretation, furthermore, the artefact has to be placed into a suitable theoretical context. In this process, the final products (the artefacts) can be seen as revealing their stories, i.e. the knowledge they embody. 相似文献
305.
Lisa Nugent Sean Donahue Mia Berberat Yee Chan Justin Gier Ilpo Koskinen Tuuli Mattelmäki 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2007,20(4):269-279
In this paper, we describe a design study on how families in Los Angeles experience nature, with a particular focus on how
using alternative formats for research analysis and presentation can enrich a design research inquiry. Conducted in Pasadena,
CA as a part of Super Studio, the year-long design research class emphasized knowledge building and sharing through design
methods of analysis, exhibition, and concept prototypes. After conducting interviews and engaging participants with probes,
the class built the results into an open-ended knowledge environment. The main observation from the exhibition – that Angelenos
have a limited vocabulary for describing nature and their interaction with it – helped to define the opportunity for design
intervention that created connection points between Angelenos and nature. There are few attempts to describe how probe returns
evolve into design concepts. Showcased is a process that depends on the unique affordances of design as the vehicle for discovery
and invention. 相似文献
306.
Objectives and methods
Concerning mental disorders, both physicians and alumni of medical sciences report a higher symptom load than the average population. Up to now however only a few studies have been conducted concerning the mental health of medical students. The aim of this study is to explore, whether medical students show a higher symptom load than their peers and whether there are differences concerning sex, phases of the studies and point of origin. For this survey the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) was applied to 390 medical students from the University Leipzig. Their results were compared to a representative sample of peers (n=225).Results
The analysis of variance shows significant differences between the male and female student samples on the one side and the same sex peer samples on the other. Both student samples scored significantly higher on the scales Other Anxiety Syndrome, Major Depressive Syndrome and Stress. Additionally, male students scored higher on the Other Depressive Syndrome scale and the Somatoform Syndrome scale. Further analysing the medical students sample, the females’ measures were significantly higher for the Somatoform Syndrome, Depression and Stress scales. In addition, an interaction was found between sex and point of origin.Conclusions
Medical students report more symptoms of mental disorders than their peers. Therefore extensive prevention concepts are needed for this group. 相似文献307.
Dr. med. Philipp Kuwert Carsten Spitzer Anna Träder Harald J. Freyberger Michael Ermann 《Psychotherapeut》2007,52(3):212-217
Psychological late-life sequelae of war childhood have rarely been examined. The study evaluated posttraumatic symptoms and current psychopathology in a sample of former German war children of which 10.8% reported significant posttraumatic symptoms indicating a possible posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The presence of PTSD symptoms was significantly associated with current psychopathological distress, even 6 decades after World War II. Our data underline the urgent need for research in this field. Clinical implications for a psychotherapeutic approach are discussed. 相似文献
308.
Repeated retrieval of a subset of previously observed events can cause forgetting of the non-retrieved events. We examined how affective states experienced during retrieval modulate such retrieval-induced forgetting by inducing positive, negative, and neutral moods in subjects immediately before they attempted to retrieve studied items. On the basis of recent work, we hypothesized that positive moods encourage relational processing, which should increase interference from related events and thus enhance retrieval-induced forgetting. By contrast, negative moods should encourage item-specific processing, which should reduce interference and thus reduce such forgetting. Our results are consistent with these predictions. When subjects were in negative moods, repeated retrieval did not cause forgetting of the non-retrieved material, whereas when subjects were in positive and neutral moods, they showed reliable retrieval-induced forgetting. Our findings suggest that the emotions involved during interrogation of a witness can affect the result of repeated interrogations. 相似文献
309.
Strategy use in the reading span test: an analysis of eye movements and reported encoding strategies
Strategy use in the traditional reading span test was examined by recording participants' eye movements during the task (Experiment 1) and by interviewing participants about their strategy use (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, no differences between individuals with a low, medium, and high span were observed in how they distributed processing time between task elements. In all three groups, fixation times on words up to the to-be-remembered (TBR) word became shorter and the time spent on the TBR longer as memory load in the task increased. The results of Experiment 2, however, show that span groups differ in the use of memory encoding strategies: individuals with a low span use mainly rehearsal, whereas individuals with a high span use almost exclusively semantic elaboration. The results indicate that the use of elaborative strategies may enhance span performance but that not all individuals are necessarily able to use such strategies efficiently. 相似文献
310.
A validation study of a computerised test recently developed involving the Stroop effect, extended here by inclusion of a third, more difficult test series, is presented. Three groups of men belonging to the Swedish armed forces and adjudged to differ in their qualifications (20, 32, and 19 men of levels 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and a fourth group of 18 men convicted of serious crimes of violence were given this test, termed the Stress Strategy Test. Discriminant analysis of the test's 12 variables (four for each of the three test series) yielded a discriminant power of 65% for the total group, highest for the level 1 group (80%) and for the nonmilitary group (72%), results substantially better than obtained for the original version of the test with use of similar subject groups. 相似文献