Applying the Cognitive‐Affective Processing Systems Approach to Conceptualizing Rejection Sensitivity

The Cognitive‐Affective Processing Systems or CAPS theory ( Mischel & Shoda, 1995 ) was proposed to account for the processes that explain why and how people's behavior varies stably across situations. Research on Rejection Sensitivity is reviewed as a programmatic attempt to illustrate how personality dispositions can be studied within the CAPS framework. This research reveals an if ... then ... (e.g., if situation X, he does A, but if situation Y, he does B) pattern of rejection sensitivity such that high rejection sensitive people's goal to prevent rejection can lead to accommodating behavior; yet, the failure to achieve this goal can lead to aggression, reactivity, and lack of self‐concept clarity. These situation–behavior relations or personality signatures reflect a stable activation network of distinctive personality processing dynamics. These dynamics link fears and expectations of rejection, perceptions/attributions of rejection, and affective/behavioral overreactions to perceived rejection. Self‐regulatory and attentional mechanisms may interact with these dynamics as buffers against high rejection sensitivity, illustrating how multiple processes within a CAPS network play out in behavior.     

摄召北酆鬼魔赤书玉诀与灵宝五篇真文——《太上洞玄灵宝赤书玉诀妙经》校读拾遗

本文讨论《太上洞玄灵宝赤书玉诀妙经》中的摄召北酆鬼魔赤书玉诀及与其相应的南方第三科真文,对前人的校读成果进行了补正。首先证明,《道藏》本《玉诀妙经》中的"元始五老摄召北酆鬼魔赤书玉诀"条目和"元始五老禳大劫洪水召蛟龙水官度灾真文玉诀"条目颠倒了位置。其次,校补复原了南方真文第三科的汉字译文。再次,考证五篇真文及相应玉诀从东晋末刘宋初开始就可分科单独施用,也可合并使用。最后简略讨论摄召北酆鬼魔真文及玉诀中的魔鬼观念和镇禳之法。     

Distinguishing Disadvantage from Ill-Being in the Capability Approach

Ethical Theory and Moral Practice - Central capabilitarian theories of well-being focus exclusively on actual opportunities to attain states of being and doing that people have reason to value....     

中学生发散思维能力培养的实验研究

本研究以初中一年级学生为被试 ,对学生进行发散性思维训练 ,探讨培养中学生创造力的可行性及有效措施。研究结果表明 :对中学生进行发散思维训练是可行的 ,学生在流畅力、精进力、变通力、独创力等方面都有所进步。另外 ,实验还考察了发散思维训练对推理能力和学习成绩的影响 ,结果未发现明显作用     

制度是如何封闭的?--以国有企业下岗职工社会保障制度的实际运行为例

本文的研究,一方面是为了给国有企业下岗职工社会保障制度在实际运行中与制度文本发生偏离这一社会事实本身提供一种可能的解释,但更重要的,乃是以此为个案,在更为普遍的意义上揭示出造成这种偏差的结构性原因之一:制度的封闭。“制度的封闭”指的是,由于针对特定群体的特定制度的设计者与目标群体之间的空间里产生出种种阻碍因素,从而使得制度的目标群体无法实现有效的制度参与并最终被抛出这个制度的运作过程之外;这其中的原因部分在于“制度的执行路径”上的各个代理人对制度的细化、重新阐释和变通,部分在于代理人的缺席和沟通的封锁,但更重要的,却是因为制度的封闭本身乃是更为宏大意义上的“封闭的社会”在机制上的具体体现和逻辑上的必然衍生。无论是制度执行的代理人还是制度的目标群体,只有共同致力于建设一种“开放的社会”,才能够开通出一条人人受益的权利之路。     

The stability of alexithymia during work in a high‐stress environment: A prospective study of Swedish peacekeepers serving in Kosovo

Larsson, M. R., Bäckström, M., Michel, P.‐O. & Lundh, L.‐G. (2010). The stability of alexithymia during work in a high‐stress environment: A prospective study of Swedish peacekeepers serving in Kosovo. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. We applied a prospective design to reinvestigate the issue whether the sub‐domains of alexithymia could be considered stable traits or distress‐related states. Assessments of alexithymia and subjective distress were conducted before deployment to Kosovo in a sample of male peacekeepers. A second assessment was conducted approximately six months later during the final phase of service. The results showed evidence of moderate to high relative stability in all alexithymic sub‐domains. It was also found that a relative change in subjective distress predicted a relative change in difficulty identifying feelings and difficulty describing feelings but not in externally oriented thinking. We suggest therefore that the alexithymic sub‐domains could be considered relatively stable traits but that the level of difficulty identifying and describing feeling varies with the level of subjective distress.     

Let us talk about sex: Prototype and personal templates

Among laypersons and even among scientists, little agreement exists about the definition of sex. Using the prototype approach, the current research explored the prototypical structure of sex. Further, it examined important intersexual and intrasexual personal templates. In Study 1, 122 participants produced a list of 80 features for the concept sex, which were rated for typicality by 251 participants in Study 2. Important sex differences with respect to the prototype of sex and correlations with sociosexual orientation were also revealed in Study 2. Study 3 (n = 98) extended these findings by showing that response latencies differ for central versus peripheral features, women versus men, and depend on the sociosexual orientation of the participants.     

Functional neuroanatomy of gesture–speech integration in children varies with individual differences in gesture processing

Gesture is an integral part of children's communicative repertoire. However, little is known about the neurobiology of speech and gesture integration in the developing brain. We investigated how 8‐ to 10‐year‐old children processed gesture that was essential to understanding a set of narratives. We asked whether the functional neuroanatomy of gesture–speech integration varies as a function of (1) the content of speech, and/or (2) individual differences in how gesture is processed. When gestures provided missing information not present in the speech (i.e., disambiguating gesture; e.g., “pet” + flapping palms = bird), the presence of gesture led to increased activity in inferior frontal gyri, the right middle temporal gyrus, and the left superior temporal gyrus, compared to when gesture provided redundant information (i.e., reinforcing gesture; e.g., “bird” + flapping palms = bird). This pattern of activation was found only in children who were able to successfully integrate gesture and speech behaviorally, as indicated by their performance on post‐test story comprehension questions. Children who did not glean meaning from gesture did not show differential activation across the two conditions. Our results suggest that the brain activation pattern for gesture–speech integration in children overlaps with—but is broader than—the pattern in adults performing the same task. Overall, our results provide a possible neurobiological mechanism that could underlie children's increasing ability to integrate gesture and speech over childhood, and account for individual differences in that integration.     

Are your cross‐ethnic friends ethnic and/or national group identifiers? The role of own and perceived cross‐ethnic friend's identities on outgroup attitudes and multiculturalism

We investigated how own ethnic and national identities and perceived ethnic and national identities of close cross‐ethnic friends may predict outgroup attitudes and multiculturalism among Turkish (majority status, N = 197) and Kurdish (minority status, N = 80) ethnic group members in Turkey (M_age = 21.12, SD = 2.59, 69.7% females, 30.3% males). Compared with Turkish participants, Kurdish participants were more asymmetrical in rating their cross‐ethnic friend's identities relative to their own, reporting higher ethnic identity, but lower national identity for themselves. Own ethnic identity was negatively associated with attitudes and multiculturalism, whereas own national identity was positively associated with only attitudes. Perceived cross‐ethnic friend's national identity was positively related to both outgroup attitudes and multiculturalism. Shared national identification (high levels of own and friend's national identity) led to most positive outgroup attitudes and highest support for multiculturalism. Findings were discussed in the light of social identity and common ingroup identity models.