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Values and Voting 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We examined relations of the 10 types of values in Schwartz's (1992) theory of voting. Hypotheses were generated by relating the core motivations of each value type to the ideological messages conveyed by party policies and symbols. Eight parties that ran in the 1988 Israeli elections were arrayed by judges on three ideological dimensions: classical liberalism, economic egalitarianism, state and religion. Discriminant analyses yielded a function whose coefficients for value types corresponded to hypotheses for the state and religion dimension and ordered party supporters on this dimension. After dropping religious parties, another value-based function ordered party supporters on the classical liberalism dimension, as predicted. Both functions significantly improved the party classification of voters in a representative national sample (N=769). Economic egalitarianism, a nonsalient dimension in Israeli politics, was unrelated to values. Results suggest that all types of values may be politically relevant depending on context. 相似文献
95.
The Structure and Dynamics of Worry: Theory, Measurement, and Cross-National Replications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Klaus Boehnke Shalom Schwartz Claudia Stromberg & Lilach Sagiv 《Journal of personality》1998,66(5):745-782
This article presents a comprehensive conceptualization of the structure of worry and the relation of worry to mental health and well-being. It is assumed that worries have two facets, namely, the object of a worry (e.g., self, close others, society, the world) and the domain of a worry (the field of life with which it is concerned). The object of a worry is presumed to be more important than its domain in determining the impact of worries on mental health. Only worries concerned with self and close others (micro worries) are expected to be related to poor mental health, whereas worries about society or the entire world (macro worries) are expected to be positively related to mental health. An instrument is introduced to study worries in accordance with the proposed structure. Its validity is tested by two confirmatory techniques (similarity structure analysis and confirmatory factor analysis) in samples from Israel, West Germany, and (the former) East Germany. Worry scores are also related to five mental health indicators. Results show that across samples micro and macro worries can validly be distinguished. Micro worries are strongly related to poor mental health, whereas macro worries are unrelated to mental health or relate marginally to positive well-being. 相似文献
96.
The present paper examines the effects of paternal relationship with sons on the sons' relationship with each other. The Biblical stories initially abound with conflict between the sons because they vie for the father's blessing and favor. The Greek stories initially show little sign of sibling rivalry because the sons band together against a threatening father. With time, paternal blessing (as exemplified by Jacob's blessing) overcomes sibling rivalry. The Greek families become more pathological with time, as the diminution of the paternal threat allows on accentuating of sibling conflict (as exemplified by the curse of Oedipus). 相似文献
97.
Illusory tip-of-the-tongue states. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
B L Schwartz 《Memory (Hove, England)》1998,6(6):623-642
The tip-of-the-tongue state (TOT) is the phenomenological experience that a target word is on the verge of being recalled. An illusory TOT occurs when a person experiences a TOT, but the actual target is either unavailable, forgotten, or never learned. Illusory TOTs were induced by asking participants to answer questions that did not have correct answers. In Experiment 1, an episodic-memory paradigm, participants were shown fictional animals, some of which were accompanied by the animal's name (identified targets) and some of which were not (unidentified targets). Some participants experienced TOTs for unidentified targets. In Experiment 2, a semantic-memory paradigm, participants were asked general-information questions, some of which were questions with no correct answer. Every one of the 31 participants experienced at least one illusory TOT. The characteristics of illusory TOTs are discussed in light of inferential and direct-access views of TOTS. 相似文献
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Steven Schwartz 《Journal of research in personality》1975,9(3):217-225
Individual differences in cognition were studied in the form of the hypothesis that arousal, as indexed by personality measures of extraversion and neuroticism, affects the way in which verbal material is organized in memory. Subjects pretested on measures of these personality variables participated in either a paired-associates learning or a free-recall experiment. On the paired-associates task, subjects who were thought to be high on arousal made fewer errors when response terms were semantically similar than low arousal subjects. On the other hand, subjects thought low on arousal made fewer errors when response words were phonetically similar than high arousal subjects. On the free-recall task, low arousal subjects were found to cluster words together on the basis of semantic category at a higher rate than high arousal subjects. These results were taken to support the view that high arousal (as indexed by personality measures) leads to a focus on the physical aspects of verbal material, whereas low arousal leads to a memory organized around semantic aspects. The implications of these findings for other views of memory are discussed. 相似文献
100.
Maintenance of key pecking by response-independent food presentation: the role of the modality of the signal for food 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Schwartz B 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1973,20(1):17-22
Three pigeons were exposed to a series of procedures in which periods of response-independent food presentation, on a variable-time schedule, alternated with periods in which food was never presented. The stimuli that signalled periods of food availability or non-availability varied from one procedure to the next, and were sometimes key colors, sometimes tones, and sometimes compounds of both. Key pecking was initiated and maintained when key color was a signal for food; key pecking was not initiated when a tone was the signal for food. However, control of key pecking that was already established could be transferred from key color to tone, and subsequently, initiated by the tone. It is suggested that for pigeons, pre-experimental relationships exist among food, visual stimuli, and pecking, and that a similar relationship, which includes auditory stimuli, must be induced in the laboratory. 相似文献