排序方式: 共有80条查询结果,搜索用时 46 毫秒
31.
The authors examined children's (N = 431, aged 7 years to 10 years 9 months) understanding of and reasons for dieting, to validate recent research indicating that perceived body-image dissatisfaction and restrictive eating behaviors occur in preadolescent populations. Scores on 2 sentence-completion tasks confirmed that the children do have a clear understanding of what dieting means in terms of intent and behavior (defined, in this study, as intentional restrictive eating behaviors). The results indicated that children as young as 7 years of age report dissatisfaction with their current body size and deliberately engage in restrictive eating behaviors. These findings provide validation of previous research and emphasize children's capacity to engage in deleterious health behaviors. Given that extreme dieting behaviors are harmful to a child's physical and psychological well-being, the authors concluded that research exploring (a) the genesis of these attitudes and behaviors and (b) their continuity or discontinuity across childhood is required. 相似文献
32.
This article reports the findings of a normative fear investigation involving a sample of 918 Australian children and adolescents, ranging in age from 718 years. The Fear Survey Schedule for Children and Adolescents-II (FSSC-II) was administered to determine self-reported prevalence, intensity, and content of fear. Consistent with past research, girls generally reported significantly higher levels of fearfulness than boys. Age differences also were found; younger children reported a higher intensity and a greater number of fears than older children and adolescents. Qualitative differences in normative fear were found, with younger children reporting more animal fears and older children reporting more fears relating to social evaluation or psychic stress. Significantly, although the specific content of children's and adolescents' normative fears in the 1990s (as compared with the 1960s) has changed (now including fear of AIDS and of nuclear war), the fears found to be most prevalent continue to relate to death and danger. These findings are discussed within the context of the prepotency and preparedness concepts of fear. 相似文献
33.
Catricalà E Rosa PA Ortelli P Ginex V Marcone A Perani D Cappa SF 《Behavioural neurology》2011,24(3):229-236
Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is an uncommon presentation of Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterised by prevalent anatomo-functional involvement of posterior cortical areas. Accordingly, the main clinical features at onset are disorders of high-order visual processing, such as alexia and impairments of visuo-spatial and visuo-constructional abilities. The clinical features in the early stages of disease are variable, and they have been suggested to stem from prevalent ventral or dorsal brain pathology, and/or asymmetric hemispheric involvement. With disease progression, these differences tend to blur with the increasing severity of neuropsychological dysfunction. We report two PCA patients showing different patterns of reading impairment (respectively, letter-by-letter reading and neglect dyslexia). A follow-up study suggested that the qualitative features of alexia remain distinctive with disease evolution. In addition, single photon emission tomography (SPECT) studies revealed different patterns of hypoperfusion, consistent with the alexia types. A careful reading assessment can provide important insights to the pattern of progression of the disease in patients with PCA up to the late stages of the pathology. 相似文献
34.
Eleonora Cresto 《Synthese》2010,177(1):41-66
I develop a strategy for representing epistemic states and epistemic changes that seeks to be sensitive to the difference
between voluntary and involuntary aspects of our epistemic life, as well as to the role of pragmatic factors in epistemology.
The model relies on a particular understanding of the distinction between full belief and acceptance, which makes room for the idea that our reasoning on both practical and theoretical matters typically proceeds in a contextual
way. Within this framework, I discuss how agents can rationally shift their credal probability functions so as to consciously
modify some of their contextual acceptances; the present account also allows us to represent how the very set of contexts
evolves. Voluntary credal shifts, in turn, might provoke changes in the agent’s beliefs, but I show that this is actually
a side effect of performing multiple adjustments in the total lot of the agent’s acceptance sets. In this way we obtain a
model that preserves many pre-theoretical intuitions about what counts as adequate rationality constraints on our actual practices—and
hence about what counts as an adequate, normative epistemological perspective. 相似文献
35.
Anaïs Racca Eleonora Amadei Séverine Ligout Kun Guo Kerstin Meints Daniel Mills 《Animal cognition》2010,13(3):525-533
Although domestic dogs can respond to many facial cues displayed by other dogs and humans, it remains unclear whether they
can differentiate individual dogs or humans based on facial cues alone and, if so, whether they would demonstrate the face
inversion effect, a behavioural hallmark commonly used in primates to differentiate face processing from object processing.
In this study, we first established the applicability of the visual paired comparison (VPC or preferential looking) procedure
for dogs using a simple object discrimination task with 2D pictures. The animals demonstrated a clear looking preference for
novel objects when simultaneously presented with prior-exposed familiar objects. We then adopted this VPC procedure to assess
their face discrimination and inversion responses. Dogs showed a deviation from random behaviour, indicating discrimination
capability when inspecting upright dog faces, human faces and object images; but the pattern of viewing preference was dependent
upon image category. They directed longer viewing time at novel (vs. familiar) human faces and objects, but not at dog faces,
instead, a longer viewing time at familiar (vs. novel) dog faces was observed. No significant looking preference was detected
for inverted images regardless of image category. Our results indicate that domestic dogs can use facial cues alone to differentiate
individual dogs and humans and that they exhibit a non-specific inversion response. In addition, the discrimination response
by dogs of human and dog faces appears to differ with the type of face involved. 相似文献
36.
Eleonora Gullone Ph.D. Thomas H. Ollendick Ph.D. Neville J. King Ph.D. 《Journal of child and family studies》2006,15(3):263-277
We investigated the relationships among attachment representation, social withdrawal, and depressive symptomatology in childhood. A total of 326 children aged 8 to 10 years participated in the study. Children completed a family drawing procedure to assess attachment representation, the Children's Depression Inventory and the Social Withdrawal subscale of the Personality Inventory for Youth. Social withdrawal and attachment representations indicative of attachment dysfunction were each found to be positively correlated with depressive symptomatology. Further, attachment representation was found to significantly moderate the relationship between withdrawal and depression such that the positive relationship between withdrawal and depression was attenuated in the absence of attachment representations indicative of attachment dysfunction. 相似文献
37.
Gullone E 《Clinical child and family psychology review》1999,2(2):91-106
Published research into normal fear now spans more than one century. During this time, a large number of papers have been published in the area. The resulting literature has led to a detailed understanding of normal fear experiences and, in particular, the ways in which they change with maturation. Of central importance, when evaluating the documented outcomes of this work, is the soundness of the methods and tools used in assessment. It is not surprising given the large number of researchers that have been involved in this area, that the assessment methods used have varied substantially. These have ranged from the methodologically problematic technique of obtaining retrospective adult reports to the administration of psychometrically validated fear survey schedules. An extensive review of this literature reveals that, for the last two decades, the fear survey schedule has been the most widely used technique for the fear assessment. The preference that has and is being demonstrated for the fear survey schedule as an assessment tool is most likely due to its many advantages including ease of use, objectivity in scoring, and provision of a substantial amount of information in a short period. However, despite its advantages, researchers and clinicians need to be cognizant of its potential limitations and, depending on the questions being asked, may need to consider using it in combination with alternative assessment strategies. 相似文献
38.
Fossati A Beauchaine TP Grazioli F Borroni S Carretta I De Vecchi C Cortinovis F Danelli E Maffei C 《Journal of personality disorders》2006,20(2):186-203
Notwithstanding its research and clinical relevance, the dimensionality and validity of the DSM-IV avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders (PDs) criteria is still a largely unexplored topic. The aim of this study was to test the factor structure for DSM-IV Cluster C PD criteria in a sample of 641 consecutively admitted outpatients. Factor analysis results suggested that avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive PDs share a common latent dimension, and supported the three-factor structure of both observer and self-report ratings of DSM-IV Cluster C PD criteria. The pattern of factor loadings, however, was different from the one expected according to the DSM-IV classification. 相似文献
39.
Using a self-report questionnaire, we assessed fear of AIDS in Australian children and adolescents. Recently, the participants had been subjected to a community education program featuring frightening televised advertisements. A high level of fear was reported by 65.9% of the respondents. Girls reported a significantly greater mean fear than boys. Fear of AIDS was not significantly influenced by developmental factors. Given the design and measures, it was not possible to specify the origins of the fear response. 相似文献
40.
Emily Bariola Elizabeth K. Hughes Eleonora Gullone 《Journal of child and family studies》2012,21(3):443-448
We examined the direct relationships between parent and child emotion regulation (ER) strategy use during the transitionary
and understudied developmental periods of middle childhood through to adolescence. Three hundred and seventy-nine participants
aged between 9 and 19 years, completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. In addition, 358
of their mothers and 207 of their fathers completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Providing partial support for the
hypothesis, maternal use of the ER Expressive Suppression strategy was significantly predictive of their child’s use of Suppression.
However, paternal ER strategy use was unrelated to their child’s ER strategy use. Child age did not moderate the relationships
investigated. These findings suggest that children’s ER during middle childhood and adolescence is more closely related to
the ER of their mother than their father. It is proposed that this may be accounted for by emotion socialization processes. 相似文献