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881.
Differences in professional choice and experience may explain age differences in working memory performance of elderly people. The aim of this study was to examine whether expertise and prolonged practice in verbal and visuo‐spatial abilities reduce age differences in laboratory working memory tasks. The effects of age and expertise on working memory performance were examined in three age groups in two different experiments. Firstly, the role of visuo‐spatial expertise was analysed by examining age differences in architects. Secondly, people with extensive experience in verbal abilities (literary people) were tested in order to evaluate the effect of professional verbal experience. Architects and literary people outperformed a group of unselected age peers on tasks related to professional expertise only, but not on general working memory tests. There was no interaction between age and experience, suggesting that professional experience does not increase differences between experts and non experts and cannot modulate age‐related effects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
882.
Elena Gapova 《Studies in East European Thought》2009,61(4):271-290
The article demonstrates that post-Soviet academic debates about theoretical concepts and visions of truth can be usefully
interpreted in terms of different “class positions” of knowledge producers. One academic faction is interested in academic
freedom, autonomy, and corporate solidarity, as the social and cultural capitals of its members are involved with the global
symbolic market. The capitals of the other group are invested into the slightly modified Soviet academic system and local
symbolic fields. Intellectuals necessarily are aligned with more powerful social actors and thus become involved in divisions
and struggles that they cannot escape. 相似文献
883.
Miklós Ferenczi 《Studia Logica》2009,92(1):121-135
If the language is extended by new individual variables, in classical first order logic, then the deduction system obtained
is a conservative extension of the original one. This fails to be true for the logics with infinitary predicates. But it is
shown that restricting the commutativity of quantifiers and the equality axioms in the extended system and supposing the merry-go-round
property in the original system, the foregoing extension is already conservative. It is shown that these restrictions are
crucial for an extension to be conservative. The origin of the results is algebraic logic.
Presented by Daniele Mundici
Supported by grant OTKA T43242. 相似文献
884.
Andrés Páez 《Synthese》2009,170(1):131-146
In this paper I critically examine the notion of explanation used in artificial intelligence in general, and in the theory of belief revision in particular. I focus on two of the best known accounts in the literature: Pagnucco’s abductive expansion functions and Gärdenfors’ counterfactual analysis. I argue that both accounts are at odds with the way in which this notion has historically been understood in philosophy. They are also at odds with the explanatory strategies used in actual scientific practice. At the end of the paper I outline a set of desiderata for an epistemologically motivated, scientifically informed belief revision model for explanation. 相似文献
885.
Elena Nicoladis Simone Pika Paula Marentette 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2009,38(6):573-585
Previous studies have shown that bilingual adults use more gestures than English monolinguals. Because no study has compared
the gestures of bilinguals and monolinguals in both languages, the high gesture rate could be due to transfer from a high
gesture language or could result from the use of gesture to aid in linguistic access. In this study we tried to distinguish
between those causes by comparing the gesture rate of 10 French–English bilingual preschoolers with both 10 French and 10
English monolinguals. All were between 4 and 6 years of age. The children were asked to watch a cartoon and tell the story
back. The results showed the bilingual children gestured more than either group of monolinguals and at the same rate in both
French and English. These results suggest that that the bilinguals were not gesturing because they were transferring the high
gesture rate from one language to another. We argue that bilinguals might gesture more than monolinguals to help formulate
their spoken message. 相似文献
886.
Elena V. Stepanova Michael J Strube John J. Hetts 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(8):1763-1784
We explored bias and its perception in newspaper reports of the 2002 Olympics figure skating controversy. American and Russian articles were examined for their perceptions of the Canadian and Russian pairs' performances, directionality of the Russian and American media and publics' biases, and media awareness of those biases. Reporters' accounts varied as a function of country of affiliation and indicated a one‐sided acknowledgment of media and public bias. The American media acknowledged a pro‐Canadian bias in their reporting; there was no self‐bias acknowledgment in the Russian press. Country of affiliation produced one‐sided coverage of this event, and even the American media's awareness of self‐biases did not ensure bias‐free reporting. These findings are discussed amid respective countries' cultural and political contexts. 相似文献
887.
Nicole R Dorey Jesús Rosales‐Ruiz Richard Smith Bryan Lovelace Henry Roane 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):785-794
Self‐injurious behavior (SIB), such as self‐biting and head banging, has been reported to occur in approximately 10% of captive, individually housed nonhuman primates. Accounts of the etiology of SIB in primates range from ecological to physiological. However, to date, no research has examined the possible influence of social consequences delivered by handlers and keepers in the maintenance of SIB in this population. The current study investigated the effects of social contact as a potentially reinforcing consequence for the SIB displayed by an olive baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis). Results indicated that the behavior was maintained by attention from humans. As treatment, reinforcement was arranged for an appropriate alternative response, resulting in increases in the appropriate alternative behavior and decreases in SIB. 相似文献
888.
This study examined the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV), as an index of individual differences in emotion
regulation, and perception of other-blame, as a mechanism of anger induction. The physiological responses were recorded while
subjects read a story from a computer screen. The story narrated a negative event in self-referred way -dismissal from a job
as the result of a colleague’s action- under conditions of intentionality versus non-intentionality. Cognitive and emotional
variables were assessed by questionnaire immediately after the physiological test. The resulting structural model supports
the conclusion that HRV exerts its regulatory influence directly on perception of other-blame rather than on emotion. In situations
of intentionality, individuals with higher HRV make less extreme evaluation of the offender’s blame, versus those with lower
HRV, thus leading to a reduction in anger reaction. These results suggest that HRV is a direct index of cognitive rather than
emotional regulation. 相似文献
889.
890.
This study explored the views of Mexican men and women concerning hysterectomy. We studied 120 women and 135 men between the ages of 36 and 55. Women had not had a hysterectomy and men were married to a woman without a hysterectomy. The most negative views about hysterectomy were women’s suppositions about male perceptions, but only among people with a limited educational background. This group was more likely to believe that women who undergo hysterectomy are incomplete, rejected by their partners, and experience emotional changes. These findings are discussed in light of sociocultural features. 相似文献