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861.
Elena Nicoladis Simone Pika Paula Marentette 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2009,38(6):573-585
Previous studies have shown that bilingual adults use more gestures than English monolinguals. Because no study has compared
the gestures of bilinguals and monolinguals in both languages, the high gesture rate could be due to transfer from a high
gesture language or could result from the use of gesture to aid in linguistic access. In this study we tried to distinguish
between those causes by comparing the gesture rate of 10 French–English bilingual preschoolers with both 10 French and 10
English monolinguals. All were between 4 and 6 years of age. The children were asked to watch a cartoon and tell the story
back. The results showed the bilingual children gestured more than either group of monolinguals and at the same rate in both
French and English. These results suggest that that the bilinguals were not gesturing because they were transferring the high
gesture rate from one language to another. We argue that bilinguals might gesture more than monolinguals to help formulate
their spoken message. 相似文献
862.
Elena V. Stepanova Michael J Strube John J. Hetts 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(8):1763-1784
We explored bias and its perception in newspaper reports of the 2002 Olympics figure skating controversy. American and Russian articles were examined for their perceptions of the Canadian and Russian pairs' performances, directionality of the Russian and American media and publics' biases, and media awareness of those biases. Reporters' accounts varied as a function of country of affiliation and indicated a one‐sided acknowledgment of media and public bias. The American media acknowledged a pro‐Canadian bias in their reporting; there was no self‐bias acknowledgment in the Russian press. Country of affiliation produced one‐sided coverage of this event, and even the American media's awareness of self‐biases did not ensure bias‐free reporting. These findings are discussed amid respective countries' cultural and political contexts. 相似文献
863.
Nicole R Dorey Jesús Rosales‐Ruiz Richard Smith Bryan Lovelace Henry Roane 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):785-794
Self‐injurious behavior (SIB), such as self‐biting and head banging, has been reported to occur in approximately 10% of captive, individually housed nonhuman primates. Accounts of the etiology of SIB in primates range from ecological to physiological. However, to date, no research has examined the possible influence of social consequences delivered by handlers and keepers in the maintenance of SIB in this population. The current study investigated the effects of social contact as a potentially reinforcing consequence for the SIB displayed by an olive baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis). Results indicated that the behavior was maintained by attention from humans. As treatment, reinforcement was arranged for an appropriate alternative response, resulting in increases in the appropriate alternative behavior and decreases in SIB. 相似文献
864.
This study examined the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV), as an index of individual differences in emotion
regulation, and perception of other-blame, as a mechanism of anger induction. The physiological responses were recorded while
subjects read a story from a computer screen. The story narrated a negative event in self-referred way -dismissal from a job
as the result of a colleague’s action- under conditions of intentionality versus non-intentionality. Cognitive and emotional
variables were assessed by questionnaire immediately after the physiological test. The resulting structural model supports
the conclusion that HRV exerts its regulatory influence directly on perception of other-blame rather than on emotion. In situations
of intentionality, individuals with higher HRV make less extreme evaluation of the offender’s blame, versus those with lower
HRV, thus leading to a reduction in anger reaction. These results suggest that HRV is a direct index of cognitive rather than
emotional regulation. 相似文献
865.
866.
Clinical signs of damage to the egocentric reference system range from the inability to detect stimuli in the real environment to a defect in recovering items from an internal representation. Despite clinical dissociations, current interpretations consider all symptoms as due to a single perturbation, differentially expressed according to the medium explored (perceptual or representational). We propose an alternative account based on the functional distinction between two separate egocentric mechanisms: one allowing construction of the immediate point of view, the other extracting a required perspective within a mental representation. Support to this claim comes from recent results in the domain of navigation, showing that separate cognitive mechanisms maintain the egocentric reference when actively exploring the visual space as opposed to moving according to an internal map. These mechanisms likely follow separate developmental pathways, seemingly depend on distinct neural pathways and are used independently by healthy adults, reflecting task demands and individual cognitive style. Implications for spatial cognition and social skills are discussed. 相似文献
867.
This study explored the views of Mexican men and women concerning hysterectomy. We studied 120 women and 135 men between the ages of 36 and 55. Women had not had a hysterectomy and men were married to a woman without a hysterectomy. The most negative views about hysterectomy were women’s suppositions about male perceptions, but only among people with a limited educational background. This group was more likely to believe that women who undergo hysterectomy are incomplete, rejected by their partners, and experience emotional changes. These findings are discussed in light of sociocultural features. 相似文献
868.
People often face preferential decisions under risk. To further our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying these preferential choices, two prominent cognitive models, decision field theory (DFT; Busemeyer & Townsend, 1993 ) and the proportional difference model (PD; González-Vallejo, 2002 ), were rigorously tested against each other. In two consecutive experiments, the participants repeatedly had to choose between monetary gambles. The first experiment provided the reference to estimate the models' free parameters. From these estimations, new gamble pairs were generated for the second experiment such that the two models made maximally divergent predictions. In the first experiment, both models explained the data equally well. However, in the second generalization experiment, the participants' choices were much closer to the predictions of DFT. The results indicate that the stochastic process assumed by DFT, in which evidence in favor of or against each option accumulates over time, described people's choice behavior better than the trade-offs between proportional differences assumed by PD. 相似文献
869.
Milena Paneque Carolina Lemos Alda Sousa Luis Velázquez Manuela Fleming Jorge Sequeiros 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(5):483-493
To identify possible factors affecting the psychological impact of pre-symptomatic testing for spinocerebellar ataxia type
2 (SCA2) and familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP ATTRV30M), we studied (1) the effect of previous experience with the disease
in the family, (2) kinship with the closest affected relative and (3) gender of affected parent, when adapting to test results;
as well as (4) differences in the course of psychological wellbeing in 63 subjects ( 28 at-risk for FAP ATTRV30M, and 35 at
risk for SCA2), who pursued predictive testing for these diseases, in Cuba and in Portugal. Our research shows that individuals
with little or no experience with the disease in their family exhibited more anxiety; at-risk subjects for SCA2 or FAP ATTRV30M
who had a first degree relative with the disease showed lower levels of anxiety and depression during pre-symptomatic testing.
Also those with an affected mother had lower levels of depression, either immediately, or one year after receipt of test results.
Adaptation to pre-symptomatic testing results differed for subjects at-risk for the two different conditions. Unlike the FAP
ATTRV30M families, carriers for SCA2 reported pathological levels of depression immediately after-testing (3 weeks), although
those levels had returned to normal levels at 6 months. Subjects at-risk for FAP ATTRV30M tended to have less anxiety than
those tested for SCA2, at the one-year follow-up. Overall, depression levels improved over time, while anxiety remained more
constant. A longer awareness of the disease in the family, closer kinship, and a transmitting mother all lessened the impact
of pre-symptomatic testing, as expressed by the post-test levels of anxiety and depression. 相似文献
870.