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161.
The objective of the study is to assess views of age related changes in sexual behavior among married Thai adults age 53–57.
Results are viewed in the context of life course theory. In-depth interviews were conducted with 44 Thai adults in Bangkok
and the four regions of Thailand. Topics covered include changing sexual behavior with age, adjustment to this change, gender
differences in behavior, attitudes toward commercial sex and other non-marital sexual partners, and condom use. Most respondents
were aware of this change and saw a decrease in sexual activity and desire more often among women compared to men. At the
same time, many respondents viewed sexuality as important to a marriage. Some respondents accepted the decrease in sexual
activity and focused more on work, family and temple activities. Thai Buddhism was seen as an important resource for people
who were dealing with changes due to aging. Other persons turned to other partners including both commercial and non-commercial
partners. The influence of the HIV epidemic that began in the 1990s was seen in concerns about disease transmission with extramarital
partners and consequent attitudes toward condom use. The acceptability of extramarital partners in the family and community
ranged from acceptance to strong disapproval of extramarital relationships. 相似文献
162.
The recent trend in the feminization of the HIV epidemic poses great risk to women, especially to the wives of men who have
sex with men (MSM). The objective of the present study was to explore wives’ responses to their husbands’ sexual orientation
as well as the factors that influence their sexual health in India. For this research, 15 wives who were aware of their husbands’
sexual orientation and their husbands were interviewed separately using semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus groups.
The study explored the social and cultural structures that create gender inequality, which put women married to MSM at sexual
health risk. These factors need to be addressed carefully through existing MSM targeted interventions, without breaching the
confidentiality of either partner. 相似文献
163.
Between 1998 and 2006, twenty-seven states amended their constitutions to prohibit same sex marriage. The 2008 elections again
saw three states with ballot measures aimed at banning gay marriage. This study examines the determinants of support for those
measures in California and Florida, and includes a similar measure placed on the primary election ballot in California in
2000. Support is measured as the county-wide vote in favor of each gay marriage ban. A number of hypotheses are explored that
examine the urban/rural nature of each county, as well as the political and demographic characteristics of county residents.
It is suggested that states may be best viewed as relatively independent groupings of diverse subcultures, rather than as
homogenous populations with a single political culture. The findings reported here indicate that a host of demographic, political
and religious differences within each state influence residents’ votes on gay marriage bans. 相似文献
164.
Polder-Verkiel SE 《Science and engineering ethics》2012,18(1):117-141
In 2008 a young man committed suicide while his webcam was running. 1,500 people apparently watched as the young man lay dying:
when people finally made an effort to call the police, it was too late. This closely resembles the case of Kitty Genovese
in 1964, where 39 neighbours supposedly watched an attacker assault and did not call until it was too late. This paper examines
the role of internet mediation in cases where people may or may not have been good Samaritans and what their responsibilities
were. The method is an intuitive one: intuitions on the various potentially morally relevant differences when it comes to
responsibility between offline and online situations are examined. The number of onlookers, their physical nearness and their
anonymity have no moral relevance when it comes to holding them responsible. Their perceived reality of the situation and
ability to act do have an effect on whether we can hold people responsible, but this doesn’t seem to be unique to internet
mediation. However the way in which those factors are intrinsically connected to internet mediation does seem to have a diminishing
effect on responsibility in online situations. 相似文献
165.
166.
Danielle Matthews Tanya Behne Elena Lieven Michael Tomasello 《Developmental science》2012,15(6):817-829
Despite its importance in the development of children’s skills of social cognition and communication, very little is known about the ontogenetic origins of the pointing gesture. We report a training study in which mothers gave children one month of extra daily experience with pointing as compared with a control group who had extra experience with musical activities. One hundred and two infants of 9, 10, or 11 months of age were seen at the beginning, middle, and end of this one‐month period and tested for declarative pointing and gaze following. Infants’ability to point with the index finger at the end of the study was not affected by the training but was instead predicted by infants’ prior ability to follow the gaze direction of an adult. The frequency with which infants pointed indexically was also affected by infant gaze following ability and, in addition, by maternal pointing frequency in free play, but not by training. In contrast, infants’ ability to monitor their partner’s gaze when pointing, and the frequency with which they did so, was affected by both training and maternal pointing frequency in free play. These results suggest that prior social cognitive advances, rather than adult socialization of pointing per se, determine the developmental onset of indexical pointing, but socialization processes such as imitation and adult shaping subsequently affect both infants’ ability to monitor their interlocutor’s gaze while they point and how frequently infants choose to point. 相似文献
167.
Susan Goldin‐Meadow Susan C. Levine Elena Zinchenko Terina KuangYi Yip Naureen Hemani Laiah Factor 《Developmental science》2012,15(6):876-884
Performing action has been found to have a greater impact on learning than observing action. Here we ask whether a particular type of action – the gestures that accompany talk – affect learning in a comparable way. We gave 158 6‐year‐old children instruction in a mental transformation task. Half the children were asked to produce a Move gesture relevant to the task; half were asked to produce a Point gesture. The children also observed the experimenter producing either a Move or Point gesture. Children who produced a Move gesture improved more than children who observed the Move gesture. Neither producing nor observing the Point gesture facilitated learning. Doing gesture promotes learning better than seeing gesture, as long as the gesture conveys information that could help solve the task. 相似文献
168.
The Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata var. domestica) is a species of songbird. Males sing courtship songs with complex note-to-note transition rules, while females discriminate
these songs when choosing their mate. The present study uses serial reaction time (RT) to examine the characteristics of the
Bengalese finches’ sequential behaviours beyond song production. The birds were trained to produce the sequence with an “A–B–A”
structure. After the RT to each key position was determined to be stable, we tested the acquisition of the trained sequential
response by presenting novel and random three-term sequences (random test). We also examined whether they could abstract the
embedded rule in the trained sequence and apply it to the novel test sequence (abstract test). Additionally, we examined rule
abstraction through example training by increasing the number of examples in baseline training from 1 to 5. When considered
as (gender) groups, training with 5 examples resulted in no statistically significant differences in the abstract tests, while
statistically significant differences were observed in the random tests, suggesting that the male birds learned the trained
sequences and transferred the abstract structure they had learned during the training trials. Individual data indicated that
males, as opposed to females, were likely to learn the motor pattern of the sequence. The results are consistent with observations
that males learn to produce songs with complex sequential rules, whereas females do not. 相似文献
169.
Non-human primates possess species-specific repertoires of acoustically distinct call types that can be found in adults in
predictable ways. Evidence for vocal flexibility is generally rare and typically restricted to acoustic variants within the
main call types or sequential production of multiple calls. So far, evidence for context-specific call sequences has been
mainly in relation to external disturbances, particularly predation. In this study, we investigated extensively the vocal
behaviour of free-ranging and individually identified Diana monkeys in non-predatory contexts. We found that adult females
produced four vocal structures alone (‘H’, ‘L’, ‘R’ and ‘A’ calls, the latter consisting of two subtypes) or combined in non-random
ways (‘HA’, ‘LA’ and ‘RA’ call combinations) in relation to ongoing behaviour or external events. Specifically, the concatenation
of an introductory call with the most frequently emitted and contextually neutral ‘A’ call seems to function as a contextual
refiner of this potential individual identifier. Our results demonstrate that some non-human primates are able to increase
the effective size of their small vocal repertoire not only by varying the acoustic structure of basic call types but also
by combining them into more complex structures. We have demonstrated this phenomenon for a category of vocalisations with
a purely social function and discuss the implications of these findings for evolutionary theories of primate vocal communication. 相似文献
170.
It has been speculated that cage mesh exerts a shaping influence on reaching behavior by captive apes, which is then misconstrued
as pointing by human observers. Although this notion is clearly falsified by the pointing of captive language-trained apes—who
point in the absence of intervening cage mesh—nevertheless, the degree to which cage mesh might influence pointing hand shapes
by captive great apes in other housing environments remains relatively unexplored. We examined 259 pointing gestures displayed
in archival footage from over 18 h of observation by three nonlanguage-trained chimpanzees housed at a biomedical research
center. We coded points in relation to how close to the boundaries of the diamond-shaped cage mesh their points were displayed.
We found that points with the whole hand were significantly more likely to be displayed away from the mesh boundaries, relative
to points with the index finger or other single-digit points. However, points of each hand shape were displayed at each location,
demonstrating that these physical parameters do not fully account for the number of fingers extended while pointing by chimpanzees. 相似文献