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911.
Carmen Sanchez 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2022,16(4):e12659
Beginners are plagued with overconfidence. They perform the worst on tests of knowledge or skill and yet are the most overconfident. One would expect that learning would better calibrate beginners and lead to better quality decisions. However, learning can instead produce overconfidence. In this article I discuss how being beginner can lead to errors in self-assessments and riskier decisions. I review differences in beginner overconfidence in several places in the literature. First, the Dunning–Kruger Effect, which finds those with the least knowledge are the most overconfident. To be sure, beginners can range from rank beginners, those who have acquired no knowledge, to experienced beginners, beginners who having gained some but not vast knowledge. Next, I discuss the beginner's bubble that follows the trajectory of confidence and overconfidence as people transition from rank to experienced beginners. The beginner's bubble pattern finds rank beginners have insight into their poor abilities. However, with some learning there is a surge of confidence and overconfidence. Lastly, I explore differences in confidence and overconfidence as learners transition from rank to experienced beginners in other places in the literature. 相似文献
912.
The aims of this study were: (a) to examine the prevalence of corporal punishment (CP) of children in Spain; (b) to analyze the extent to which CP is used in combination with psychological aggression and positive parenting among Spanish parents; and (c) to investigate whether the relation between CP and behavior problems is moderated by a positive parenting context in which CP may be used, and by the co-occurrence of psychological aggression. The sample comprised 1,071 Spanish university students (74.8% female; 25.2% male). Findings indicate a high prevalence of CP of Spanish students, revealing that significantly more mothers than fathers used CP. Furthermore, more CP is related to more use of psychological aggression and less of positive parenting. Regression analyses revealed that CP was associated with an increased probability of antisocial traits and behaviors regardless of whether there was positive parenting and psychological aggression. These results highlight that, though many Spanish parents use CP as a disciplinary strategy, it appears to be related to negative outcomes for children regardless the parental context in which it is used. 相似文献
913.
Miguel Ángel Muñoz Ma Isabel Viedma-del-Jesus Ma Carmen Fernández-Santaella Ma Isabel Peralta-Ramírez Antonio Cepeda-Benito Jaime Vila 《Motivation and emotion》2010,34(1):93-103
Smoking cues that increase craving are subjectively described by smokers as pleasant rather than unpleasant. However, it remains
controversial whether the motivational nature of these smoking cues is consistent with an appetitive or aversion-relief model
of tobacco craving. In the two studies presented here, the Bioinformational model of emotion proposed by Lang was used to
address this issue. In study I, 40 smokers (10 males) assessed a set of tobacco-related pictures and a subset of standard
pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures in order to examine how craving relates to the three general dimensions of emotion:
valence, arousal, and dominance. Results showed that the tobacco-related images were all assessed as appetitive, and craving
was correlated positively with valence (r = .863, p < .0001) and arousal (r = .923, p < .0001) and negatively with dominance (r = −.504, p < .002). In study II, 24 female abstinent smokers were examined using Lang’s startle modulation paradigm in order to assess
whether tobacco-related pictures, compared to standard pleasant and unpleasant ones, inhibited the startle response, consistent
with an appetitive model of tobacco craving. Contrary to expectations, the startle response during visualization of tobacco-related
pictures was more similar in magnitude to the response to unpleasant than to pleasant images, a finding inconsistent with
an appetitive model of tobacco craving. 相似文献
914.
Adolescents (N = 46; M = 12.46 years) who had previously participated in a longitudinal study of autobiographical memory development narrated their early childhood memories, interpreted life events, and completed a family history questionnaire and language assessment. Three distinct components of adolescent memory emerged: (1) age of earliest memory and insight into life events; (2) volume of early memories; and (3) density of specific memories from early childhood. Children's language, self-awareness, and theory of mind during early childhood (19–51 months) all contributed to their memories as adolescents. However, adolescents’ early reminiscing environment was the best single predictor of the age and volume of their early memories and their insight into life events. In contrast, adolescents’ delayed self-recognition and reminiscing in early childhood predicted the density of their early memories. These findings provide partial support for theories of autobiographical memory development. 相似文献
915.
This brief article examines a painting by the extraordinarily gifted artist Salvador Dali, a prominent exponent of the art
termed surrealism, based on the Freudian concepts of subconscious, automatism, and free association. Particular attention
is drawn in the painting to the birth canal, symbolized by an open-mouthed fish in the process of “giving birth” to a half-born
tiger who is appearing to assault a sleeping female lying on the beach; as well as to a pomegranate representing the female
ova. 相似文献
916.
Carmen Binnewies Sabine Sonnentag Eva J. Mojza 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2010,83(2):419-441
For most employees, the weekend offers the opportunity to recover and unwind from demands faced during the working week. In this study, first, we examined which factors contribute to employees' successful recovery during the weekend. Second, we investigated if being highly recovered after the weekend benefits different dimensions of job performance during the week. Using a within‐person design we conducted a week‐level study with 133 employees over four working weeks. Participants responded to weekly web‐based surveys at the beginning and at the end of the working week. Hierarchical linear modelling showed that psychological detachment, relaxation, and mastery experiences during the weekend predicted the state of being recovered at the beginning of the working week. The state of being recovered in turn predicted fluctuations in weekly task performance, personal initiative, organizational citizenship behaviour, and low perceived effort. Our results stress the importance of recovery during the weekend for both the individual and for organizations. 相似文献
917.
Kimberly E. Hoagwood Mary A. Cavaleri S. Serene Olin Barbara J. Burns Elaine Slaton Darcy Gruttadaro Ruth Hughes 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2010,13(1):1-45
A comprehensive review of structured family support programs in children’s mental health was conducted in collaboration with
leadership from key national family organizations. The goals were to identify typologies of family support services for which
evaluation data existed and identify research gaps. Over 200 programs were examined; 50 met criteria for inclusion. Programs
were categorized by whether they were delivered by peer family members, clinicians, or teams. Five salient components of family
support were identified: (a) informational, (b) instructional, (c) emotional, (d) instrumental, and (e) advocacy. Clinician-led
programs were heavily represented (n = 33, 66%), followed by family-led (n = 11, 22%), and team-delivered (n = 6, 12%) programs. Key differences between programs delivered by clinicians or by peer family members were found in the
degree of emphasis, research methodology, and outcomes. However, the content of the components was similar across all three
program types. There are both important differences in emphasis across typologies of family support provided by clinicians,
family members, or teams as well as important similarities in content. Family-delivered support may be an important adjunct
to existing services for parents, although the research base remains thin. A research agenda to promote more rigorous evaluations
of these services especially those delivered by peer family members is critical. 相似文献
918.
Simões HG Hiyane WC Benford RE Madrid B Prada FA Moreira SR de Oliveira RJ Nakamura FY Campbell CS 《Perceptual and motor skills》2010,111(2):365-378
The validity of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in predicting lactate threshold during an incremental test was analyzed in 15 men with type 2 diabetes (M age = 53.4 yr., SD = 12.9). Blood glucose, lactate, and minute ventilation (VE)/VO2 responses identified the lactate, ventilatory, and glucose thresholds. Workloads (W) corresponding to RPEs 12, 13, 14, and 15 were determined. Second-order polynomials fit to VE/W and [lac]/W ratios corresponding to RPEs of 9-10, 12-13, and 16-17 also identified workloads above which there was an overproportional increase in VE and [lac]. These workload breakpoints did not differ, although at RPE 12 underestimated and at RPE 15 overestimated lactate threshold. RPE 13 and 14 and the responses of VE/W and [lac]/W to submaximal exercise accurately predicted lactate threshold. 相似文献
919.
This paper focuses on the validation of the Spanish form of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26; Garner, Olmsted, Bohr & Garfinkel, 1982) across two studies. Participants in Study 1 were 778 females recruited from community settings (aged 12-21). Study 2 included 86 females recruited from clinical and 86 females from community settings (aged 12-35). Results from Principal and Simultaneous Component Analyses showed a unidimensional structure of the EAT-26 item scores. Reliability analyses supported the internal consistency of the scale. Study 1 also explores the ability of the EAT-26 to discriminate between subjects with Eating Disorder (ED), Symptomatic or Asymptomatic by means of ROC analyses and using results from the Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnoses (Q-EDD; Mintz, O'Halloran, Mulholland, & Schneider, 1997) as criterion. The EAT-26 demonstrated good specificity but insufficient sensitivity to detect a full or partial ED. Study 2 explores the ability of the questionnaire to discriminate between subjects with and without ED. The EAT-26 demonstrated good specificity and moderate sensitivity to detect ED. Clinical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed. 相似文献
920.
The American Journal of Psychoanalysis - 相似文献