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221.
We assessed developmental stability and context generalizability of temperament in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) from the University of Washington Infant Primate Research Lab. A principal components analysis condensed 6 behavioral measures into 2 components, interpreted as reactivity and boldness. Changes in these measures over the 1st 10 months of development showed a trend toward calmer and bolder behavior with age, with significant individual variation in the pattern of change. Boldness showed a quadratic pattern of change, whereas reactivity decreased linearly. We also studied the relationship between temperament and response to a novelty probe. The magnitude of the response to the novelty probe decreased slightly over time, and boldness and reactivity in a familiar setting did not predict these changes in response to novelty. In a 2nd principal components analysis, reactivity to novelty represented a distinct aspect of temperament. Our results demonstrate developmental changes and context dependency in macaque behavior. 相似文献
222.
Eileen R. Cardillo Gwenda L. Schmidt Alexander Kranjec Anjan Chatterjee 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(3):651-664
Despite the ubiquity and importance of metaphor in thought and communication, its neural mediation remains elusive. We suggest
that this uncertainty reflects, in part, stimuli that have not been designed with recent conceptual frameworks in mind or
that have been hampered by inadvertent differences between metaphoric and literal conditions. In this article, we begin addressing
these shortcomings by developing a large, flexible, extensively normed, and theoretically motivated set of metaphoric and
literal sentences. On the basis of the results of three norming studies, we provide 280 pairs of closely matched metaphoric
and literal sentences that are characterized along 10 dimensions: length, frequency, concreteness, familiarity, naturalness,
imageability, figurativeness, interpretability, valence, and valence judgment reaction time. In addition to allowing for control
of these potentially confounding lexical and sentential factors, these stimuli are designed to address questions about the
role of novelty, metaphor type, and sensory-motor grounding in determining the neural basis of metaphor comprehension. Supplemental
data for this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals .org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
223.
Pattie Yuk Yee Luk-Fong 《Social Psychology of Education》2006,9(4):425-441
The personal beliefs of teachers and the cultural traditions of society can have significant effects on the adjustment of
children in changing family situations. This paper explores primary school teachers’ perception of children coping with difficult
family situations and family changes in the hybrid context of Hong Kong, where Westernization meets with Chinese culture.
A qualitative case study methodology was used. Thirty one teachers of different ages, experience, and roles at school were
interviewed. The finding shows that teachers were on the whole quite traditional in their perception of children in difficult
family situations despite the co-existence of modern ideas of marriage with traditional family values. Implications of the
study for teacher education are discussed. 相似文献
224.
The Relation Between Anxiety Sensitivity and Attachment Style in Adolescence and Early Adulthood 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Carl F. Weems Steven L. Berman Wendy K. Silverman Eileen T. Rodriguez 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2002,24(3):159-168
Given the accumulating evidence for a role of anxiety sensitivity in the etiology of panic, it is important to understand the developmental origins of anxiety sensitivity. To this end, this study examined the relation between attachment beliefs and anxiety sensitivity in a sample of high school students (n = 203; mean age 15.7 years) and university students (n = 324; mean age 21.7 years). The Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR; K. Brennan, C. Clark, &; P. Shaver, 1998) was used to assess attachment beliefs and to classify participants into attachment groups. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI; R. A. Peterson &; S. Reiss, 1987) was used to assess participants' levels of anxiety sensitivity. Results supported the hypothesis that individuals with insecure attachment, specifically those classified as preoccupied and fearful (i.e., those with a negative model of self), had significantly higher anxiety sensitivity scores than securely attached individuals in both the high school and college samples. 相似文献
225.
Sydney J. Berkman Eileen M. Roscoe Jason C. Bourret 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2019,52(1):188-204
An important skill for behavior analysts is creating graphs that clearly convey outcomes and conform to publication conventions. GraphPad Prism is software designed for creating scientific graphs, but no prior research has empirically evaluated training graphing skills using Prism. Two effective training methods are enhanced written instructions (EWI) and video modeling with voiceover instructions (VMVO), but no single‐subject studies have compared the effects of these methods. In this study, we compared the efficacy and social validity of EWI and VMVO for training staff to create graphs using Prism. A single‐subject design was employed to compare the effects of the methods on the individual performance of 11 graduate students. EWI and VMVO were both found to be effective, and more participants chose to use EWI. 相似文献
226.
Eileen Yuk-Ha Tsang 《Deviant behavior》2019,40(4):461-475
Research on the sex industry generally focuses heavily on the economic relationship between sex workers and their clients but typically fails to consider the role and significance of intimacy within these interactions. By drawing upon over 36 months’ ethnographic work conducted in high-end and low-end bars in Dongguan from 2008 to 2009 and 2011 to 2017, the article argues that sex workers and their clients are not only involved in pecuniary transactions but also may exchange intimate and non-remunerative feelings. In order to understand the factors that both facilitate and limit experiences of intimacy in sex work, relevant socioeconomic circumstances must be deconstructed. The dynamics that characterize contemporary Dongguan must be considered within the unique subcultures that characterize the high-end and low-end sex markets. In order to extrapolate from the aforementioned factors, this article examines the interactions of concepts such as economic and cultural capitals, emotional labor, and bounded authenticity to provide insights into how intimacy occurs in China’s global sex industry. The article will also draw from these insights and explore how Chinese and foreign clients overcome social and cultural barriers to develop intimate relationships with sex workers. 相似文献
227.
Utility of a CPT in diagnosing ADHD among a representative sample of high-risk children: a cautionary study. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Continuous performance tests (CPTs) are widely used in the assessment and study of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although CPTs have reliably found differences between children with ADHD and normal controls, discriminating between children with ADHD and children with subclinical levels of behavioral or cognitive problems is a more clinically relevant and difficult endeavor. Additionally, most studies use convenience samples from clinical care settings that may not represent the ADHD population as a whole. The current study assessed the utility of a clinically used CPT, the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), in distinguishing between children with ADHD and children with subclinical levels of attention/behavior problems. Participants constituted a representative sample of elementary school students at high risk for ADHD, including 116 children with ADHD and 51 subclinical controls. Results found no significant differences between the ADHD and subclinical group on CPT variables, and CPT performance did not reliably predict group membership. Implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
228.
Pattie Luk-Fong Yuk Yee 《Counselling psychology quarterly》2005,18(3):193-206
Unlike many other places in the world, guidance lessons in Hong Kong are taught mainly by class teachers rather than school counsellors. Given the unique educational context of Hong Kong as East meets West and given that guidance is essentially a concept from the West, it is important to investigate what kind of pedagogy is suitable for teaching guidance in Hong Kong. This paper examines what teaching guidance lessons are like in Hong Kong for the researcher and for some primary teachers. A qualitative case study methodology is used. Data are drawn from the author's own experience in a primary school teaching attachment and interviews with guidance professionals, primary school principals, teachers and students in three selected primary schools in Hong Kong. Pedagogical issues for the teaching guidance curriculum are explored and discussed. The researcher argues for a hybrid guidance pedagogy for the teaching of classroom guidance in Hong Kong. Findings are applicable to countries facing similar issues in parallel mixed cultural settings. 相似文献
229.
Eileen Gambrill 《Behaviour research and therapy》1967,5(4):263-273
Data were obtained on the effectiveness of three forms of counterconditioning—each differing in the degree to which competing responses were introduced. Counterconditioning was also compared with an extinction procedure in eliminating an instrumental avoidance response. Only the counterconditioning procedure which evoked and reinforced another conditioned response during extinction of the avoidance response, was significantly more effective than a traditional extinction procedure in achieving a decrement in avoidance responding and this was only on the first session on which such procedures were in effect. When the opportunity to perform the competing response was removed, only Ss in this group evidenced a significant increase in avoidance responding.
All procedures were equally effective over sessions in eliminating avoidance behavior. A delay in effectiveness occurred to the degree to which a procedure introduced a competing response. It was in terms of the immediacy of response reduction and achievement of a very low rate of responding with very few responses being performed, that the counterconditioning procedure was superior to the extinction procedure.
The implication of these results for behavior theory and therapy were elaborated. 相似文献
230.
Kit Fine and Gideon Rosen propose to define constitutive essence in terms of ground-theoretic notions and some form of consequential essence. But we think that the Fine–Rosen proposal is a mistake. On the Fine–Rosen proposal, constitutive essence ends up including properties that, on the central notion of essence (what Fine calls ‘the notion of essence which is of central importance to the metaphysics of identity’), are necessary but not essential. This is because consequential essence is (roughly) closed under logical consequence, and the ability of logical consequence to add properties to an object’s consequential essence outstrips the ability of ground-theoretic notions, as used in the Fine–Rosen proposal, to take those properties out. The necessary-but-not-essential properties that, on the Fine–Rosen proposal, end up in constitutive essence include the sorts of necessary-but-not-essential properties that, others have noted, end up in consequential essence. 相似文献