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151.
Huddy VC Hodgson TL Kapasi M Mutsatsa SH Harrison I Barnes TR Joyce EM 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2007,116(3):589-598
Eye movements were measured during the performance of a computerized Tower of London task to specify the source of planning abnormalities in patients with 1st-episode schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Subjects viewed 2 arrays of colored balls in the upper and lower parts of the screen. They were asked to plan the shortest sequence of moves required to rearrange the balls in the lower screen to match the upper arrangement. Compared with healthy controls, patients made more planning errors, and decision times were longer. However, the patients showed the same gaze biases as controls prior to making a response, indicating that they understood the requirements of the task, approached the task in a strategic manner by identifying the nature of the problem, and used appropriate fixation strategies to plan and elaborate solutions. The patients showed increased duration of long-gaze periods toward both parts of the screen. This suggests that the patients had difficulty in encoding the essential features of the stimulus array. This finding is compatible with slowing of working memory consolidation. 相似文献
152.
Although the incidence of HIV in the United States is higher among men compared to women, the global proportion of women versus
men who are infected has been approximately 50% since the late 1990s. Women have been under-represented in neuropsychological
studies of HIV. A small number of studies have reported a significantly higher prevalence of neurocognitive impairment among
HIV+ women compared to HIV− controls regardless of symptom status and with or without an AIDS diagnosis. Impairment was most
evident on psychomotor tasks. The risk of neuropsychological impairment was increased among HIV+ women not on antiretroviral
therapy. Age and depressive symptoms also increase neurocognitive risk. New neurocognitive studies of ovarian steroid hormones,
PTSD and other psychiatric conditions are critical for addressing potential female-specific aspects of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive
Disorder. Such studies will also address questions regarding involvement of the hippocampus and verbal memory, which may be
of particular significance among HIV+ women.
相似文献
Pauline M. MakiEmail: |
153.
Substance abuse and co-infection with hepatitis C (HCV) are two highly relevant determinants of neurocognitive and neuroimaging
abnormalities associated with HIV. Substance abuse and HCV are common in the HIV population and there is increasing evidence
that the CNS is directly compromised by these comorbid conditions via additive or synergistic processes. In this article we
review the current literature regarding mechanisms of neuronal injury as well as the neuropsychological and neuroimaging signatures
associated with substance abuse and HCV status among HIV patients. We discuss specific methodological challenges and threats
to validity associated with studies of HIV and comorbid substance use disorders or HCV and review potential strategies for
minimizing their confounding effects. Efforts to understand the interactions between HIV, substance abuse and HCV co-infection
will lead to more complete models of neuropathogenesis of HIV and a greater understanding of the variability in neuropsychological
expression of HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorder.
相似文献
Eileen M. Martin-ThormeyerEmail: |
154.
With the advancement of image acquisition and analysis methods in recent decades, unique opportunities have emerged to study the neuroanatomical correlates of intelligence. Traditional approaches examining global measures have been complemented by insights from more regional analyses based on pre-defined areas. Newer state-of-the-art approaches have further enhanced our ability to localize the presence of correlations between cerebral characteristics and intelligence with high anatomic precision. These in vivo assessments have confirmed mainly positive correlations, suggesting that optimally increased brain regions are associated with better cognitive performance. Findings further suggest that the models proposed to explain the anatomical substrates of intelligence should address contributions from not only (pre)frontal regions, but also widely distributed networks throughout the whole brain. 相似文献
155.
Jacqueline P. Rogalski Eileen M. Roscoe Daniel W. Fredericks Nabil Mezhoudi 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(3):1514-1530
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of different magnitudes of escape for compliance relative to the magnitudes of escape for problem behavior in a concurrent-schedule arrangement. Three individuals who exhibited escape-maintained problem behavior participated. A large differential magnitude condition (240-s escape for compliance, 10-s escape for problem behavior) was compared to equal (30-s escape for compliance and problem behavior) and moderate differential magnitude (90-s escape for compliance, 10-s escape for problem behavior) conditions. The authors also evaluated the impact of correcting for reinforcer access time (i.e., time on escape intervals) on intervention interpretation. For all participants, problem behavior decreased during only the large differential magnitude condition, and including reinforcer access time in the overall session time did not affect interpretation of treatment outcomes. Providing larger escape magnitudes for compliance relative to problem behavior may facilitate treatment involving concurrent-reinforcement schedules for escape-maintained problem behavior. 相似文献
156.
Eileen K. Graham Sara J. Weston Denis Gerstorf Tomiko B. Yoneda Tom Booth Christopher R. Beam Andrew J. Petkus Johanna Drewelies Andrew N. Hall Emily D. Bastarache Ryne Estabrook Mindy J. Katz Nicholas A. Turiano Ulman Lindenberger Jacqui Smith Gert G. Wagner Nancy L. Pedersen Mathias Allemand Avron Spiro III Dorly J.H. Deeg Boo Johansson Andrea M. Piccinin Richard B. Lipton K. Warner Schaie Sherry Willis Chandra A. Reynolds Ian J. Deary Scott M. Hofer Daniel K. Mroczek 《欧洲人格杂志》2020,34(3):301-321
This study assessed change in self-reported Big Five personality traits. We conducted a coordinated integrative data analysis using data from 16 longitudinal samples, comprising a total sample of over 60 000 participants. We coordinated models across multiple datasets and fit identical multi-level growth models to assess and compare the extent of trait change over time. Quadratic change was assessed in a subset of samples with four or more measurement occasions. Across studies, the linear trajectory models revealed declines in conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness. Non-linear models suggested late-life increases in neuroticism. Meta-analytic summaries indicated that the fixed effects of personality change are somewhat heterogeneous and that the variability in trait change is partially explained by sample age, country of origin, and personality measurement method. We also found mixed evidence for predictors of change, specifically for sex and baseline age. This study demonstrates the importance of coordinated conceptual replications for accelerating the accumulation of robust and reliable findings in the lifespan developmental psychological sciences. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
157.
Eileen M. Milata Sharon A. Reeve Kenneth F. Reeve Chata A. Dickson 《Behavioral Interventions》2020,35(3):346-371
Individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often respond poorly to novel stimulus combinations and may have difficulty discriminating across critical and noncritical stimulus dimensions without direct teaching. General‐case procedures and multiple‐exemplar training have been effectively used to address this deficit. In the current study, the experimenters outlined general‐case procedures with video modeling, prompting and reinforcement to teach three adolescents with ASD a generalized repertoire of using a chip‐debit card. A multiple‐probe across participants design demonstrated the effectiveness of these procedures. All participants acquired the skill, responding generalized from simulated teaching materials to four novel automatic payment machines, and maintained 4 weeks following teaching. Implications of using these general‐case procedures as a blueprint for future researchers to reference when teaching individuals with ASD a generalized repertoire of any skill are discussed. 相似文献
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