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191.
Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to slowed responding to targets at a location previously occupied by an irrelevant cue.
Here we explore the interaction between stimulus-response (S-R) probability and IOR effects using go/no-go (Experiment 1)
and two-choice discrimination tasks (Experiment 2). In both experiments, the IOR effect was larger for the likely S-R ensemble
than for the unlikely one. In the first experiment, there were more false alarms for uncued targets than for cued targets,
and this difference was larger for the unlikely S-R ensemble than for the likely one. In the second experiment, the same pattern
was observed for incorrect keypress responses. As with voluntary orienting in response to predictive central cues, the results
suggest that IOR affects late stages of processing by altering the criteria to respond to targets presented at the cued (previously
attended) location. 相似文献
192.
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) represents a significant challenge for physicians. About one third of patients with major depressive disorder fail to experience sufficient symptom improvement despite adequate treatment. Despite this high occurrence of TRD there was no general consensus on diagnosis criteria for TRD until 1997 when researchers proposed a model of defining and staging TRD. In 1999, others defined operational criteria for the definition of TRD. Treatment of TRD is commonly separated into pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods. This review gives a short overview of these two methods. The nonpharmacologic methods include psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and vagus nerve stimulation. Pharmacologic methods include switching to another antidepressant monotherapy, and augmentation or combination with two or more antidepressants or other agents. This review especially focuses on the augmentation of the antidepressant therapy with atypical antipsychotics. 相似文献
193.
194.
Klein WM 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2003,29(3):418-429
In two studies, participants received positive or negative feedback about their performance on a verbal task and then provided hints to another person on a subsequent, different task. It was expected that participants would give more helpful hints after positive than after negative feedback but that this would be more apparent when the feedback was based on performance comparisons with the "average participant" than on comparisons with another person or an objective standard. This effect was expected to be mediated by judgments of one's performance on the first task. These predictions were supported. Participants seemed aware of the effect of feedback on their hint choices, and their hint choices did not alter their affect levels. Also, participants receiving comparative (single or aggregated target) feedback exhibited changes in self-ascribed importance of the performance domain. Implications for social comparison theory and self-evaluation maintenance theory are discussed. 相似文献
195.
Psychosocial factors are presented which affect clinical decision-making regarding the allocation of renal organs. Patients were rated as being either High Risk or Low Risk transplant candidates. High Risk candidates were scored as being significantly different from the Low Risk candidates on many psychosocial variables. Interestingly, significant differences were not found between these two groups on either the MMPI-2 or the Beck Depression Inventory. The validity of using information from these inventories to allocate organs is discussed. 相似文献
196.
Long-term recall memory, as indexed by deferred imitation, was assessed in 12-month-old infants. Independent groups of infants were tested after retention intervals of 3 min, 1 week and 4 weeks. Deferred imitation was assessed using the ‘observation-only’ procedure in which infants were not allowed motor practice on the tasks before the delay was imposed. Thus, the memory could not have been based on re-accessing a motor habit, because none was formed in the first place. After the delay, memory was assessed either in the same or a different environmental context from the one in which the adult had originally demonstrated the acts. In Experiments 1 and 3, infants observed the target acts while in an unusual environment (an orange and white polka-dot tent), and recall memory was tested in an ordinary room. In Experiment 2, infants observed the target acts in their homes and were tested for memory in a university room. The results showed recall memory after all retention intervals, including the 4 week delay, with no effect of context change. Interestingly, the forgetting function showed that the bulk of the forgetting occurred during the first week. The findings of recall memory without motor practice support the view that infants as young as 12 months old use a declarative (nonprocedural) memory system to span delay intervals as long as 4 weeks. 相似文献
197.
We presented subjects with an unpredictive cue that was followed after a 150- to 900-msec interstimulus interval (ISI) by a detection target. Cue and target were blue or red squares that appeared at fixation and in an otherwise uniform black field. In a filler condition, a task-irrelevant filler stimulus (magenta square) was presented during the ISI; in a no-filler condition, no stimulus appeared during the ISI. Using only a 900-msec ISI, Law, Pratt, and Abrams (1995) reported slower reaction times (RTs) when cue and target were the same color, but only when the task-irrelevant filler was presented during the ISI. They argued that attention is first drawn to the cue color and that inhibition of return (IOR; see Posner & Cohen, 1984) is established when attention is drawn away from that cue color representation by the task-irrelevant filler. Critical to their view is the assumption that IOR occurs only after attention is drawn away from the cue color by the filler. Assuming a time course for the withdrawal of attention from the cue color representation, Law et al. ’s view predicts growth of the inhibitory effect as a function of ISI in the filler condition as well as facilitation at early ISIs in the no-filler condition (because there is no filler to withdraw attention from the cue color). Contrary to these predictions, we found that the inhibitory effect observed by Law et al. at the 900-msec ISI was present at—and did not vary in magnitude across—the range of ISIs tested. And there was never facilitation in the no-filler condition. These results challenge Law et al. ’s inference that IOR for foveally presented colors was operating in their paradigm. 相似文献
198.
The purpose of this study was to provide a partial test of the Hollenbeck and Klein (1987) model of goal commitment. Four variables from that model (reward structure, social influence, type-A behavior, and self-esteem) were examined as to their relationships with the expectancy and attractiveness of goal attainment and goal commitment. The results, based on 88 college students performing an anagram task, were generally supportive. Significant person by situation interactions were also observed. 相似文献
199.
Robert G. Turner LuNell Gilliland Helen M. Klein 《Journal of research in personality》1981,15(2):182-190
Results from an investigation of the relationship between habitual awareness of oneself as a social object (Public self-consciousness) and speed of processing information about the overt self are reported. Since high public self-consciousness subjects report themselves to be concerned about their physical appearance, they were expected to have more readily retrievable evaluative judgments concerning their physical characteristics. Consistent with this prediction, high compared to low public consciousness subjects required significantly less time to report their evaluations of eleven of their physical features. In a second study, high public self-consciousness was shown to be positively related to judged physical attractiveness in two geographically diverse samples. The quicker evaluations of the high public self-consciousness group were discussed in terms of information processing model recently described by Markus (1977). 相似文献
200.
When a fixation point is removed 200 msec prior to target onset (the gap condition), human subjects are said to produce eye movements that have a short latency (80–120 msec), that form the early peak of a bimodal latency distribution, and that have been labeled “human express saccades” (see, e.g., Fischer, 1987; Fischer & Breitmeyer, 1987; Fischer & Ramsperger, 1984, 1986). In three experiments, we sought to obtain this express saccade diagnostic pattern in the gap condition, We orthogonally combined target location predictability with the presence versus absence of catch trials (Experiment 1). When target location was fixed and catch trials were not used, we found mostly anticipations. In the remaining conditions, where responses were under stimulus control, bimodality was not frequently observed, and, whether it was or not, latencies were not in the express saccade range. Using random target locations, we then varied stimulus luminance and the mode of stimulus presentation (LEDs vs. oscilloscope) in the gap and overlap (fixation is not removed) conditions (Experiment2). Bimodality was rarely observed, the gap effect (overlap minus gap reaction time) was additive with luminance, and only the brightest targets elicited saccades in the express range. When fixed locations and no catch trials were combined with latency feedback (Experiment 3), we observed many responses in the express saccade range and some evidence for bimodality, but the sudden introduction of catch trials revealed that many early responses were not under stimulus control. Humanscan make stimulus-controlled saccades that are initiated very rapidly (80–120 msec), but unless catch trials or choice reaction time is used, it is not possible to distinguish such saccades from anticipatory responses that are prepared in advance and timed to occur shortly after target onset. Because the express saccade diagnostic pattern is not a characteristic feature of human saccadic performance, we urge investigators to focus their attention on the robustgap effect 相似文献