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951.
Two studies are reported that investigate the applicability of prospect theory to college students' academic decision making. Exp. 1 failed to provide support for the risk-seeking portion of the fourfold pattern predicted by prospect theory but did find the greater weighting of losses over gains. Using a more sensitive dependent measure, in Exp. 2 the results of the first experiment were replicated in terms of the gain-loss effect and also found some support for the fourfold pattern in the interaction between probabilities and gain versus loss. The greatest risk-seeking was found in the high probability loss condition. 相似文献
952.
Cummins RA 《Psychological reports》2011,109(1):43-46
Researchers in the area of subjective wellbeing are now building on a body of research that spans more than three decades and includes many thousands of articles. It is time to move from exploratory studies to those based on accumulated psychometric understanding and theory. Two aspects of the article by Abdel-Khalek (2011) warrant attention from this perspective: the choice of scale and the issue of shared variance. 相似文献
953.
Mental fog is a core symptom of fibromyalgia. Its definition and measurement are central to an understanding of fibromyalgia-related cognitive disability. The Mental Clutter Scale was designed to measure mental fogginess. In an exploratory factor analysis of two different samples (n=128 and n=170), cognitive symptoms of fibromyalgia loaded on 2 dimensions: cognition and mental clarity. The mental clarity factor comprised 8 items with factor loadings greater than .60 and was named the Mental Clutter Scale. The factor stability of the new scale was good, internal consistency was .95, and test-retest reliability over a median of 5 days was .92. The 8-item scale is a quick measure of mental fog that provides clinicians with information about cognitive functioning in fibromyalgia. 相似文献
954.
955.
Eric Hehman Emily M. Stanley Samuel L. Gaertner Robert F. Simons 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2011,47(6):1262-1268
The limited face-recognition research involving targets categorizable on multiple dimensions has provided contradictory evidence as to how partial-ingroup members are processed and recognized. This research demonstrates that partial-ingroup members are recognized in a manner distinct from double-ingroup and double-outgroup targets. Specifically, when race and university-affiliation are crossed, university-affiliation does not influence recognition for own-race targets, but does for other-race targets, in that other-race/own-university targets are recalled more accurately than other-race/other-university targets. The neurological mechanisms involved in the effect are explored through the inclusion of electroencephalography. 相似文献
956.
Cross-cultural differences in the refusal to accept a small gift: the differential influence of reciprocity norms on Asians and North Americans 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Asians are more likely than North Americans to refuse a small gift that is offered to them by a casual acquaintance. Five experiments confirmed this difference and explored the reasons for its occurrence. Asians, who are inclined to think of themselves in relation to others, are more likely than North Americans to invoke a reciprocity norm in exchanging gifts with casual acquaintances, and they refuse a gift in order to avoid the feeling of indebtedness they would experience if they cannot reciprocate. North Americans, however, who are inclined to think of themselves independently of others, are more likely to base their acceptance of the gift on its attractiveness without considering their obligation to reciprocate. These cultural differences are not evident when the gift is offered by a close friend with whom individuals have a communal relationship. Implications of our findings for miscommunication between members of different cultures are discussed. 相似文献
957.
In two experiments, we examined the impact of the degree of match between sequential auditory perceptual organization processes
and the demands of a short-term memory task (memory for order vs. item information). When a spoken sequence of digits was
presented so as to promote its perceptual partitioning into two distinct streams by conveying it in alternating female (F)
and male (M) voices (FMFMFMFM)—thereby disturbing the perception of true temporal order—recall of item order was greatly impaired
(as compared to recall of item identity). Moreover, an order error type consistent with the formation of voice-based streams
was committed more quickly in the alternating-voice condition (Exp. 1). In contrast, when the perceptual organization of the
sequence mapped well onto an optimal two-group serial rehearsal strategy—by presenting the two voices in discrete clusters
(FFFFMMMM)—order, but not item, recall was enhanced (Exp. 2). The results are consistent with the view that the degree of
compatibility between perceptual and deliberate sequencing processes is a key determinant of serial short-term memory performance.
Alternative accounts of talker variability effects in short-term memory, based on the concept of a dedicated phonological
short-term store and a capacity-limited focus of attention, are also reviewed. 相似文献
958.
The dramatic increase in diagnostic rates of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents in the USA has led to an intense
interest in the phenomenology of the disorder. Here we present data from a newly-developed instrument to assess episodic mania-like
symptoms in youth in a large population-based sample (N = 5326) using parent- and self-report. We found that a substantial proportion of children screened positive for having episodes
of “going high” and were at an increased risk for morbidity and impairment. Using factor analysis, we identified that episodic
mania-like symptoms comprised two dimensions: An under-controlled dimension that was associated with significant impairment, and a low-risk exuberant dimension. Using latent class analysis, we identified a small group of children scoring high on a range of manic symptoms
and suffering from severe psychosocial impairment and morbidity. Our results carry implications for the nosology and psychosocial
impairment associated with episodic mood changes in young people. 相似文献
959.
Kam CM Greenberg MT Bierman KL Coie JD Dodge KA Foster ME Lochman JE McMahon RJ Pinderhughes EE;Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(3):365-377
This longitudinal study examined processes that mediate the association between maternal depressive symptoms and peer social
preference during the early school years. Three hundred and fifty six kindergarten children (182 boys) and their mothers participated
in the study. During kindergarten, mothers reported their level of depressive symptomatology. In first grade, teachers rated
children’s emotion regulation at school and observers rated the affective quality of mother-child interactions. During second
grade, children’s social preference was assessed by peer nomination. Results indicated that mothers’ level of depressive symptomatology
negatively predicted their child’s social preference 2 years later, controlling for the family SES and teacher-rated social
preference during kindergarten. Among European American families, the association between maternal depressive symptoms and
social preference was partially mediated by maternal warmth and the child’s emotion regulation. Although the relation between
maternal depressive symptoms and children peer preference was stronger among African American families than Europrean American
families, its mediation by the maternal warmth and child’s emotion regulation was not found in African American families. 相似文献
960.
Remez RE Dubowski KR Broder RS Davids ML Grossman YS Moskalenko M Pardo JS Hasbun SM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2011,37(3):968-977
Speech remains intelligible despite the elimination of canonical acoustic correlates of phonemes from the spectrum. A portion of this perceptual flexibility can be attributed to modulation sensitivity in the auditory-to-phonetic projection, although signal-independent properties of lexical neighborhoods also affect intelligibility in utterances composed of words. Three tests were conducted to estimate the effects of exposure to natural and sine-wave samples of speech in this kind of perceptual versatility. First, sine-wave versions of the easy and hard word sets were created, modeled on the speech samples of a single talker. The performance difference in recognition of easy and hard words was used to index the perceptual reliance on signal-independent properties of lexical contrasts. Second, several kinds of exposure produced familiarity with an aspect of sine-wave speech: (a) sine-wave sentences modeled on the same talker; (b) sine-wave sentences modeled on a different talker, to create familiarity with a sine-wave carrier; and (c) natural sentences spoken by the same talker, to create familiarity with the idiolect expressed in the sine-wave words. Recognition performance with both easy and hard sine-wave words improved after exposure only to sine-wave sentences modeled on the same talker. Third, a control test showed that signal-independent uncertainty is a plausible cause of differences in recognition of easy and hard sine-wave words. The conditions of beneficial exposure reveal the specificity of attention underlying versatility in speech perception. 相似文献