Training in child and adolescent group therapy: Two surveys and a model

Although group therapy is widely used in the treatment of children and adolescents, there has been little attention paid to establishing training standards and developing comprehensive programs for training psychiatry fellows in child and adolescent group psychotherapy. The authors conducted two surveys of child and adolescent training programs. After reviewing the literature, they present the data from their surveys, compare similarities and differences, and discuss trends. Finally, they propose a model for training in child and adolescent group therapy.     

Analysis of the components of disparity in Wilde's dot-row phenomenon

Summary In this study on Wilde's phenomenon (Wilde 1950) the two components of disparity, one of them processing displacement, and the other one apparent rotation, are analysed in terms of dependence on the disparity of the end-lines of the pattern (), and on the percentage of magnification (M) of one of the monocular patterns in relation to the other one. It was found that the component of disparity for displacement ' can be expressed as a linear regression equation '=–a+b.The component of disparity for rotation, expressed as a percentage of magnification effective for rotation (M) can be expressed as M=a–b₁+b₂M.It was concluded that the two components of disparity are processed through independent parallel channels, the processing of the component of disparity for displacement being the faster process, accounting for the larger part of the total disparity.     

Maximum likelihood estimation for Luce's choice model

A terminology for general choice models based on the choice axiom is given. It applies to all kinds of choice experiments, such as confusion choice experiments, paired comparisons, triadic comparisons, directional rankings, scores on binary test items, and others. Maximum likelihood estimation for such general choice models is considered. Conditions for the uniqueness of maximum likelihood estimates are given, and it is shown that the estimates can be derived by iterative proportional fitting. This offers the opportunity of a general test of the choice axiom for all kinds of choice experiments using the likelihood ratio. The estimation and testing procedure is applied to data from a form recognition experiment, reported by W. A. Wagenaar (Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie, 1968, 23, 96–108).     

The generality of learned helplessness in the rat

Two experiments were simultaneously conducted in which two different groups of 40 rats each were exposed to one of two different stressors. In both experiments half the subjects were pretreated with shock, half with underwater exposure. For each pretreatment stressor, half the subjects were allowed to escape, the other half were not. The experiments differed in the test task used. Approximately 24 hr after pretreatment, one-half the subjects from each pretreatment group received 20 water-escape trials in an underwater maze, the other half received 20 shock-escape trials in a two-way shuttle box. The subjects in each of the inescapable pretreatment conditions were slower to escape in the subsequent shock-escape and water-escape tasks when compared with subjects in the corresponding escapable pretreatment condition. The “learned helplessness” effect appeared to be no smaller when aversive stimuli were changed between pretreatment and test than when they remained the same.     

Career(s) education in Britain and the USA: Contrasts and common problems

An analysis of the meanings attached to 'careers education' in Britain and to 'career education' in the USA reveals a number of important differences, each of which identifies questionable assumptions in the careers education model emerging in Britain. Attention is also addressed to three major problems which have received inadequate attention in both countries: the socio-political aims of career(s) education, the extent to which it should be concerned with paid employment, and the relationship between the content of careers education curricula and the institutional structures within which these curricula are based.