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941.
R. I. Mawby 《Current Psychology》1992,2(3):301-310
Research into the victims of crime is of fairly recent origin and has been centred in America. However, a review of research
into the experience of the elderly as the victims of crime, and their anxiety about crime, reveals a paradox. Numerous studies
show that while the elderly are less likely to be the victims of crime than are the other age groups, they are among those
who exhibit most anxiety over crime. The research is discussed in the context of theories of why the elderly appear as a low-risk
group and in terms of an attempt to explain the paradox. 相似文献
942.
Contemporary research on the construction of the self emphasizes the products rather than the process of self-development.
Borrowing from the writings of William James and contemporary views of natural selection, we propose a model ofevolutionary self-construction. Grounded in the principles of evolution and the philosophy of pragmatism, evolutionary self-construction proposes a process
that guides the seeking of “truth” inpossible selves. According to this view, the self develops in response to uncertainty reduction with the “correct” self identified
via the “sentiment of rationality.” Selves presently identified as correct are considered to be “instruments of action” that
facilitate the interaction between an individual and the environment. Selected selves can then be developed to one’s best
advantage and presented in an optimal fashion. This model helps organize contemporary frameworks around a common theme and
embraces affect as a central component in the development of the self.
A previous version of this paper was presented at the 98th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Boston,
MA. 相似文献
943.
Coby Gerlsma Ineke Mosterman Sytske Buwalda Paul M. G. Emmelkamp 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1992,14(4):343-361
The relationship between memories of childhood experiences (e.g., adverse parenting) and adult depression often found raises questions of interpretation. On the one hand, both laboratory studies and clinicians' experiences suggest that subjects in a depressed mood frequently show a negative bias in perceptions and memories. Negative childhood memories in depressed persons might, therefore, be interpreted as epiphenomena of depressed mood instead of etiological factors. On the other hand, memories of childhood experiences seem remarkably stable across changes in depressed mood, especially when memories are elicited by means of standardized questionnaires. In the mood and memory literature several explanations for this stability are offered. For one thing, highly structured cues to elicit memories (such as in questionnaires) are hypothesized to be less susceptible to mood bias than unstructured memory cues (such as in free recall procedures). On the other hand, resource allocation theorists suggest that childhood memories, being well established and rehearsed, are relatively impervious to mood bias no matter how they are elicited. In this study we examined whether different methods of eliciting childhood memories (i.e., free recall and questionnaire-cued) are differentially susceptible to mood bias. To this aim, we used a mood induction procedure to induce depressed, neutral, and elated mood and assessed childhood memories both before and after the mood induction using both questionnaires and free recall to elicit memories. Results suggested that memories elicited by means of free recall as well as by means of questionnaire-cued recall were susceptible to depressed and elated mood bias. The implications for research addressing the link between childhood experiences and depression are discussed. 相似文献
944.
Charles L. Spirrison Keith A. Noland Luke B. Savoie 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1992,14(1):65-79
The Treatment Evaluation Inventory (TEI), a frequently used measure of treatment acceptability, was used by 164 undergraduates to rate the acceptability of each of the following treatments: differential reinforcement of other behavior, exclusionary time-out, overcorrection, medical restraint, contingent electric shock, and physical restraint. TEI ratings of each treatment type were grouped separately, variance-covariance matrices were formed and compared, and data were subjected to factor analysis. The results indicated that the factor structure of the TEI varied with the treatment it was used to evaluate. Item analysis of the TEI indicated a high degree of internal consistency, although item-total correlations varied between rated treatments. The findings suggest that although the TEI is a reliable instrument, sensitive assessment of the treatment acceptability construct probably requires multidimensional measurement. 相似文献
945.
The development of a campus-based Substance Abuse Prevention Program (SAPP) is discussed. The program has been designed in accordance with recommendations made by prominent authorities in this field, keeping in mind the needs of the campus at which the program is located. Suggestions for developing such programs are provided. 相似文献
946.
PHILLIP B. NIFFENEGGER THOMAS F. HOLCOMB 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1992,70(5):642-644
This article describes how state legislators were the target of a video marketing campaign aimed at increasing the funding for elementary counselors. How the video was developed, distributed, and used are discussed. 相似文献
947.
Professional orientation courses typically provide important knowledge about professional organizations, standards, credentials, and roles. Knowledge alone, however, may not instill a sense of professionalism in counseling students. This article describes one teaching method that seems to foster behaviors and attitudes that characterize professionalism. 相似文献
948.
Adult age differences in the rate of learning serial patterns: evidence from direct and indirect tests. 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Subjects performed a serial reaction time task (adopted from Nissen & Bullemer, 1987) that contained a repeating pattern of spatial locations. In Experiment 1, following 20 repetitions of a 10- or 16-element pattern, reaction time was equally disrupted for both younger and older people when the sequence became random. In Experiment 2, the response times for subjects encountering the 10-element pattern were compared with those of subjects encountering a random sequence. These response time functions diverged at the same point in training for the 2 age groups. Thus, on this indirect measure of response time facilitation, both experiments revealed age similarity in the rate of pattern learning. In contrast, on a subsequent direct test of pattern learning that required prediction, the younger people earned a higher percentage correct score than the older in both experiments. Age-related dissociations between direct and indirect measures of learning and comparisons with memory-impaired populations are discussed. 相似文献
949.
Dolores Subia BigFoot-Sipes Paul Dauphinais Teresa D. LaFromboise Sandra K. Bennett Wayne Rowe 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》1992,20(3):113-122
Researchers examined the importance of similar ethnicity and the preference for a counselor of the same sex among American Indian secondary school students. 相似文献
950.
Jeanette R. Davidson 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》1992,20(4):150-157
Clinicians need to expose negative biases in theories about interracial relationships and direct the attention of couples and their families toward relationship strengths. 相似文献