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921.
922.
In 2011, China's Internet population reached over half a billion users and the popular Twitter-like social networking service, Weibo, has been adopted by half of the users since its launch in August 2009. Given the potential of the Internet to facilitate a civic culture in the authoritarian state, the use of Weibo and its effects on citizens' political attitudes and behaviors are of important concern. A survey of 499 Weibo users found that intensity of use was related to increased willingness to express opinions about government and politics, the perception that one has the ability to participate in politics, and feelings that the government is not responsive to the demands of citizens. Moreover, the above relationships were moderated by the motivations of Weibo use, such that information motives strengthened the relationships while entertainment motives weakened the relationships. 相似文献
923.
924.
The Stroop color-naming task is one of the most widely studied tasks involving the inhibition of a prepotent response, regarded as an executive function. Several studies have examined performance on versions of the Stroop task under conditions of acute sleep deprivation. Though these studies revealed effects on Stroop performance, the results often do not differentiate between general effects of sleep deprivation on performance and effects specifically on interference in the Stroop task. To examine the effect of prolonged wakefulness on performance on the Stroop task, we studied participants in a 40-h "constant routine" protocol during which they remained awake in constant conditions and performed a Stroop color-naming task every two hours. We found that reaction time was slowest when the color and word did not match (incongruent), fastest when the color and word did match (congruent), and intermediate when participants named the color of the non-word stimulus (neutral). Performance on all three trial types degraded significantly as a function of time awake. Extended wakefulness did not significantly change the additional time needed to respond when the color and word did not match (Stroop interference), nor did it change the amount of facilitation when color and word matched. These results indicate that one night of sleep deprivation influences performance on the Stroop task by an overall increase in response time, but does not appear to impact the underlying processes of interference or facilitation. The results suggest that the degree to which an "executive function" is affected by sleep deprivation may depend on the particular executive function studied and the degree to which it is subserved by the prefrontal cortex. 相似文献
925.
Kathryn L. Humphreys Steve S. Lee 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(3):299-307
We used the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) to examine risk taking and sensitivity to punishment, two relevant aspects of
behavioral inhibition, in 203 school-age children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant
disorder (ODD), ADHD+ODD, and controls. Participants earned points on the BART by pumping 30 separate balloons that exploded
at variable intervals. No points were earned on a trial when a balloon exploded. The number of pumps across all balloons estimated
risk taking and the reduction in pumps following balloon explosions was interpreted as an indicator of sensitivity to negative
punishment. We found that all groups significantly differed from one another on risk taking. The ADHD+ODD group pumped the
most, followed by the ODD, ADHD, and the control group, respectively. For sensitivity to negative punishment, all groups performed
differently, with the ODD group showing the least sensitivity to an exploded balloon, followed by the ADHD, control, and ADHD+ODD
groups, respectively. Children with ADHD+ODD demonstrated significantly different patterns of risk taking and sensitivity
to negative punishment than children with either ADHD-only or ODD-only. ADHD youth with comorbid ODD had the greatest levels
of risk taking, but they were also the most sensitive to negative punishment. The relationship between ADHD and ODD, as well
as the nature of comorbidity in constructs related to risk taking and related behaviors, are discussed. 相似文献
926.
Muralidharan A Sheets ES Madsen J Craighead LW Craighead WE 《Journal of personality disorders》2011,25(1):16-27
Interpersonal problems are significant markers of personality disorders (PDs). There is little research examining the specific interpersonal problems which lead to social impairment in PD. This study used canonical correlation analyses to examine the relationship between interpersonal competence and PDs, first as categorized by DSM-IV diagnoses, then as categorized by empirically-derived factors, in a sample at risk for recurrence of major depression. The most significant sources of shared variance were social inhibition and self-disclosure competence. The empirically-derived PD categories accounted for more variance in interpersonal competence than the DSM-IV diagnostic categories. Social skills training in initiation and self-disclosure may be useful for treating individuals with PD who experience interpersonal problems. Empirically-derived categories of PD symptoms may capture interpersonal problems experienced by individuals with PD which DSM-IV categories do not. 相似文献
927.
Jin‐Zhen Li Shu Li Wen‐Zhong Wang Li‐Lin Rao Huan Liu 《Applied cognitive psychology》2011,25(1):104-111
China suffered both a heavy snow‐hit and a major earthquake in 2008. To investigate the effects of disasters on risky decision making, opportunity samples were obtained by recruiting residents in both devastated and non‐devastated areas. In a survey (Study 1) conducted shortly after the heavy snow‐hit, we found that people were not always more risk averse after a disaster as previous studies had claimed and that they were inclined to approach an option with ‘low probability associated gain’ and to avoid an option with ‘low probability associated loss’. These findings were replicated in a consecutive survey (Study 2) conducted after the Wenchuan earthquake. It was further found that the popularity of both insurance and lottery, which presumably contributed to overweighing of small probabilities, was detected to have been enhanced with substantial exposure to the earthquake disaster. The implications of these findings for risk education and government policy making were discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
928.
Edward Mone Christina Eisinger Kathryn Guggenheim Bennett Price Carolyn Stine 《Journal of business and psychology》2011,26(2):205-212
Based on a study conducted in a large corporation (XINC, a pseudonym) and other research, it appears that performance management
can be used to increase levels of employee engagement. We begin this article with a discussion of employee engagement, define
engaged employees as those who feel involved, committed, passionate, and empowered, and demonstrate those feelings in work
behavior. We then discuss an expanded view of performance management, conceptualizing it as five major activities that serve
to organize relevant behaviors shown to be either direct or indirect predictors of employee engagement in the study at XINC.
These major activities include setting performance and development goals, providing ongoing feedback and recognition, managing
employee development, conducting mid-year and year-end appraisals, and building a climate of trust and empowerment. In turn,
we briefly discuss how each of these major activities contributes to employee engagement, suggest which activities benefit
from further research, and recommend possible studies. Although there is evidence for performance management as a driver of
employee engagement, we conclude there is a need for additional research that clarifies for managers which of these activities
have the strongest impact on employee engagement. 相似文献
929.
Americans' opposition toward building an Islamic community center at Ground Zero has been attributed solely to a general anti-Muslim sentiment. We hypothesized that some Americans' negative reaction was also due to their motivation to symbolically pursue a positive U.S. group identity, which had suffered from a concurrent economic and political downturn. Indeed, when participants perceived that the United States was suffering from lowered international status, those who identified strongly with the country, as evidenced especially by a high respect or deference for group symbols, reported a stronger opposition to the "Ground Zero mosque" than participants who identified weakly with the country did. Furthermore, participants who identified strongly with the country also showed a greater preference for buildings that were symbolically congruent than for buildings that were symbolically incongruent with the significance of Ground Zero, and they represented Ground Zero with a larger symbolic size. These findings suggest that identifying group members' underlying motivations provides unusual insights for understanding intergroup conflict. 相似文献
930.
We used two‐wave panel data based on a sample of 137 employees from a small Korean manufacturing company to examine first the discriminant validity of, and then the interaction between perceived organizational support (POS) and perceptions of organizational politics (POP). We focused on the relationships between POS, POP, and three employee work‐related outcomes, affective organizational commitment, intention to stay, and individually oriented organizational citizenship behaviour (OCBI). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that POS and POP were distinct constructs. Moreover, time‐lagged LISREL estimates showed that POS and POP were differentially related to the three outcomes in a theoretically predictable way. POP did not moderate the relationship between POS and either affective commitment or intention to stay. POS, however, significantly moderated the POP–OCBI relationship. The implications of the results for POS and POP theory and research are discussed. 相似文献