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991.
Martin Van Boekel Karla A. Lassonde Edward J. O’Brien Panayiota Kendeou 《Memory & cognition》2017,45(1):168-181
The knowledge revision components framework (KReC) outlines the basic comprehension processes and text factors that can be accentuated to increase the potential for knowledge revision during reading. The goal of the present study was to explore source credibility as one such text factor. In Experiment 1, we established the utility of a set of refutation texts in influencing knowledge revision. Participants read ten refutation and ten control texts. The participants had faster reading times and higher posttest scores for the refutation than for the control texts, providing evidence for knowledge revision. In Experiment 2, we examined the influence of source credibility under normal reading conditions. Participants read 20 refutation texts, ten with high-credibility and ten with low-credibility sources. The reading times and posttest scores suggested that knowledge revision unfolded successfully, independent of credibility. Using the same texts, in Experiment 3 we examined the influence of direct instructions that made the credibility of the source of information more salient. When the credibility of the source was made salient, the revision process was disrupted in the low-credibility condition, as evidenced by slower reading times and lower posttest scores than in the high-credibility condition. The results add to our understanding of the factors that constrain knowledge revision during the reading of refutation texts, and are discussed in the context of the extant literature and KReC. 相似文献
992.
Elizabeth R. Wrape Jennifer L. Callahan Troy Rieck C. Edward Watkins Jr. 《Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy》2017,31(1):37-54
Attachment theory, which has demonstrated application in caregiver-child, romantic, and psychotherapeutic relationships, also appears to be supervision relevant. But bad blood between attachment theory and psychoanalysis may well have hampered considering the relevance of attachment theory for psychoanalytic supervision. This project sought to investigate the application of attachment theory to the supervision situation, with the potential implications of our findings for psychoanalytic supervision being considered. Attachment styles, leader–follower dynamics, and attachment-based expectations were explored as predictors of supervisor-trainee working alliance using a prospective, longitudinal study design. Findings revealed the importance of measuring supervision-specific attachment, the particularly problematic nature of supervisee avoidant attachment, and the potential contribution of a leader–follower framework for understanding supervisory attachment. These attachment concepts may well be useful in, and additive for, psychoanalytic supervision practice. 相似文献
993.
Marcel Badra Lars Schulze Eni S. Becker Janna Nonja Vrijsen Babette Renneberg 《Cognition & emotion》2017,31(6):1234-1242
Cognitive models propose that both, negative interpretations of ambiguous social situations and ruminative thoughts about social events contribute to the maintenance of social anxiety disorder. It has further been postulated that ruminative thoughts fuel biased negative interpretations, however, evidence is rare. The present study used a multi-method approach to assess ruminative processing following a social interaction (post-event processing by self-report questionnaire and social rumination by experience sampling method) and negative interpretation bias (via two separate tasks) in a student sample (n?=?51) screened for high (HSA) and low social anxiety (LSA). Results support the hypothesis that group differences in negative interpretations of ambiguous social situations in HSAs vs. LSAs are mediated by higher levels of post-event processing assessed in the questionnaire. Exploratory analyses highlight the potential role of comorbid depressive symptoms. The current findings help to advance the understanding of the association between two cognitive processes involved in social anxiety and stress the importance of ruminative post-event processing. 相似文献
994.
Edward Fram 《Jewish History》2017,31(1-2):129-147
During the Middle Ages and into the early modern period, rabbinic scholars of law in Franco-German communities had an at best ambivalent attitude toward the codification of Jewish law. Even Rabbi Joseph Caro’s Shul?an ˋArukh, first printed in Venice in 1565, was not well received by all. While students of the law from the lower ranks seem to have embraced the code, many leading rabbis—particularly those in sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century Poland—rejected it. In the course of the mid-seventeenth century, attitudes shifted, and Shul?an ˋArukh became the place for commentaries and learned discussions of the law. By the eighteenth century, rabbinic courts were using Shul?an ˋArukh as the basis of their legal decision making. This is confirmed, at least for Frankfurt am Main, through an examination of the legal diary of Rabbi Nathan Maas (d. 1794). In his diary, Maas not only summarized cases that he heard but also sometimes offered rationales for the court’s decisions. These précis make constant reference to Shul?an ˋArukh and its commentaries while never entering into an analysis of talmudic sources. This cannot have been because of a lack of ability, for Maas and his colleagues on the Frankfurt court were well-known scholars who published talmudic commentaries of substance. The use of a code, even by such authorities, may have been for utilitarian reasons, that is, to speed up the judicial process. 相似文献
995.
Anderson US Perea EF Becker DV Ackerman JM Shapiro JR Neuberg SL Kenrick DT 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2010,46(5):804-808
A number of studies have found a disjunction between women’s attention to, and memory for, handsome men. Although women pay initial attention to handsome men, they do not remember those men later. The present study examines how ovulation might differentially affect these attentional and memory processes. We found that women near ovulation increased their visual attention to attractive men. However, this increased visual attention did not translate into better memory. Discussion focuses on possible explanations, in the context of an emerging body of findings on disjunctions between attention to, and memory for, other people. 相似文献
996.
The introduction and elimination rules for material implication in natural deduction are not complete with respect to the
implicational fragment of classical logic. A natural way to complete the system is through the addition of a new natural deduction
rule corresponding to Peirce’s formula (((A → B) → A) → A). E. Zimmermann [6] has shown how to extend Prawitz’ normalization
strategy to Peirce’s rule: applications of Peirce’s rule can be restricted to atomic conclusions. The aim of the present paper
is to extend Seldin’s normalization strategy to Peirce’s rule by showing that every derivation Π in the implicational fragment
can be transformed into a derivation Π′ such that no application of Peirce’s rule in Π′ occurs above applications of →-introduction
and →-elimination. As a corollary of Seldin’s normalization strategy we obtain a form of Glivenko’s theorem for the classical
{→}-fragment. 相似文献
997.
Kimberly D. Becker Golda S. Ginsburg Janine Domingues Jenn-Yun Tein 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(4):533-543
This study tested components of a proposed model of child anxiety and examined the mediational roles of (1) maternal control
behavior, (2) maternal external locus of control, and (3) child external locus of control in the association between maternal
and child anxiety. Thirty-eight clinically anxious mothers and 37 nonanxious mothers participated along with one of their
children aged 6 to 14 (52.0% female; 78.7% Caucasian). Path analysis indicated that the overall model fit the data very well.
Analyses also indicated that child external locus of control mediated the associations between (1) maternal and child anxiety
and (2) maternal control behavior and child anxiety. Maternal anxiety was not related to maternal control behavior and maternal
external locus of control was not associated with child anxiety. Findings are discussed in the context of theoretical models
(e.g., Chorpita and Barlow 1998) regarding the transmission of maternal anxiety to their children and the specific roles of maternal behavior and child locus
of control. 相似文献
998.
Claudia C. Wolf Sebastian Ocklenburg Beyza Ören Cordula Becker Andrea Hofstätter Christa Bös Markus Popken Truls Thorstensen Onur Güntürkün 《Psychological research》2010,74(4):429-435
The stereotype of women’s limited parking skills is deeply anchored in modern culture. Although laboratory tests prove men’s
average superiority in visuospatial tasks and parking requires complex, spatial skills, underlying mechanisms remain unexplored.
Here, we investigated performance of beginners (nine women, eight men) and more experienced drivers (21 women, 27 men) at
different parking manoeuvres. Furthermore, subjects conducted the mental rotation test and self-assessed their parking skills.
We show that men park more accurately and especially faster than women. Performance is related to mental rotation skills and
self-assessment in beginners, but only to self-assessment in more experienced drivers. We assume that, due to differential
feedback, self-assessment incrementally replaces the controlling influence of mental rotation, as parking is trained with
increasing experience. Results suggest that sex differences in spatial cognition persist in real-life situations, but that
socio-psychological factors modulate the biological causes of sex differences. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Various studies have demonstrated enhanced visual processing when information is presented across both visual hemifields rather than in a single hemifield (the bilateral advantage). For example, Alvarez and Cavanagh (2005) reported that observers were able to track twice as many moving visual stimuli when the tracked items were presented bilaterally rather than unilaterally, suggesting that independent resources enable tracking in the two visual fields. Motivated by similarities in the apparent capacity and neural substrates that mediate tracking and visual working memory (WM), the present work examined whether or not a bilateral advantage also arises during storage in visual WM. Using a recall procedure to assess working memory for orientation information, we found a reliable bilateral advantage; recall error was smaller with bilateral sample displays than with unilateral displays. To demonstrate that the bilateral advantage influenced storage per se rather than just encoding efficiency, we replicated the observed bilateral advantage using sequentially presented stimuli. Finally, to further characterize how bilateral presentations enhanced storage in working memory, we measured both the number and the resolution of the stored items and found that bilateral presentations lead to an increased probability of storage, rather than enhanced mnemonic resolution. Thus, the bilateral advantage extends beyond the initial selection and encoding of visual information to influence online maintenance in visual working memory. 相似文献