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171.
S. Jakowski introduced the discussive prepositional calculus D
2as a basis for a logic which could be used as underlying logic of inconsistent but nontrivial theories (see, for example, N. C. A. da Costa and L. Dubikajtis, On Jakowski's discussive logic, in Non-Classical Logic, Model Theory and Computability, A. I. Arruda, N. C. A da Costa and R. Chuaqui edts., North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1977, 37–56). D
2has afterwards been extended to a first-order predicate calculus and to a higher-order logic (cf. the quoted paper). In this paper we present a natural version of D
2, in the sense of Jakowski and Gentzen; as a consequence, we suggest a new formulation of the discussive predicate calculus (with equality). A semantics for the new calculus is also presented. 相似文献
172.
It is shown that the notions of aggressive behavior as ‘intentional emission of noxious stimulation’ (Buss, 1961, 1963, 1966, 1971) and that of ‘injuriating goal response’ (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mower and Sears, 1939) are identical. The usefulness of these theories to predict S's reaction to the reception of a given noxious stimulation is questioned. It is suggested that S's reactions to noxious stimulation may or may not be aggressive, depending on whether the noxious stimulation S receives is interpreted as being a behavior justified by the nom in the situation, or as reflecting an aggressive intent of O. It is hypothesized that the norms established in the situation depend on (i) victim's perception of the noxious stimulation received as being instrumental for O's goal attainment, (ii) victim's perception of the value of O's goal, and (iii) the value of victim's own goal. The establishment of norms regulating the exchange of noxious stimulation between Ss is operationalized in two experiments. Aggression, defined as an infringement of these norms, is measured. In Experiment I, participate 56 female students, and in Experiment 2, 80 male students. Subject is alternately victim (he performs a sensorimotor task and receives an electric shock) and aggressor (he shocks the other S). In Experiment I it is found that Ss counteraggress faster and more frequently if they interpret the shock received from the partner as an infringement of the norm. In Experiment 2, Ss do not counteraggress more frequently, but they do counteraggress faster and evaluate O more negatively. It is concluded that the results clearly contradict current positions and favor the authors' cognitive reformulation of the determinants of aggressive behavior. 相似文献
173.
Animal Cognition - The use of anvils to strike prey is a behavior observed in some species of birds around the world. Here, I investigated the use of anvils by the Great Kiskadee (Pitangus... 相似文献
174.
Marina Fuertes Camila Ribeiro Joana L. Gonçalves Cristina Rodrigues Marjorie Beeghly Pedro Lopes-dos-Santos Dionísia A. C. Lamônica 《International journal of psychology》2020,55(2):224-233
Prior research in Western countries (mostly the US, Canada and northern Europe) indicates that mothers' representations are associated with mother–infant interaction quality and their child's attachment security later in the first year. Fewer studies, however, have evaluated whether these associations hold for mother–infant dyads in other countries, such as Brazil and Portugal. Although these countries share a similar language and culture, they differ on societal dimensions that may affect parenting attitudes and mother–infant relationships, such as economic stress, social organisation, social policy, and the availability of services for young families. In this longitudinal study, we followed two independent samples of Brazilian and Portuguese mother–infant dyads from the perinatal period to 12 months post-partum. We assessed mothers' perinatal representations using semi-structured interviews in the first 48 hours after the infant's birth, and evaluated the associations of these representations with mother interaction quality at 9 months and infant attachment at 12 months. Results were similar in each country, corroborating prior research in single Western countries: Mothers with more positive perinatal representations were more sensitive to their infants during free play at 9 months and were more likely to have infants classified as securely attached at 12 months. 相似文献
175.
da Silva FC 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2006,42(1):19-39
My aim is to discuss the history of the reception of George Herbert Mead's ideas in sociology. After discussing the methodological debate between presentism and historicism, I address the interpretations of those responsible for Mead's inclusion in the sociological canon: Herbert Blumer, Jürgen Habermas, and Hans Joas. In the concluding section, I assess these reconstructions of Mead's thought and suggest an alternative more consistent with my initial methodological remarks. In particular, I advocate a reconstruction of Mead's ideas that apprehends simultaneously its evolution over time and its thematic breadth. Such a historically minded reconstruction can be not only a useful corrective to possible anachronisms incurred by contemporary social theorists, but also a fruitful resource for their theory-building endeavors. Only then can meaningful and enriching dialogue with Mead begin. 相似文献
176.
Camras LA Meng Z Ujiie T Dharamsi S Miyake K Oster H Wang L Cruz J Murdoch A Campos J 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2002,2(2):179-193
Eleven-month-old European-American, Japanese, and Chinese infants (ns = 23, 21, and 15, respectively) were videotaped during baseline and stimulus episodes of a covert toy-switch procedure. Infants looked longer at the object during the expectancy-violating event (stimulus episode) but did not produce more surprise-related facial expressions. American and Japanese infants produced more bodily stilling during stimulus than baseline, and American infants also produced more facial sobering. Naive raters viewing both episodes could correctly identify the expectancy-violating event. Rater judgments of surprise were significantly related to infants' bodily stilling and facial sobering. Judgments of interest were related to cessation of fussing. Thus, observer judgments of infant emotions can be systematically related to behaviors other than prototypic emotional facial expressions. 相似文献
177.
Cairo Valcarcel E Ijalba E Obler LK Gomez Lozano R Marin Llanes R Devia Collazos C Bouza Herrera C 《Brain and cognition》2002,48(2-3):291-296
Hemi-field visual-spatial attention was studied on a timed letter cancellation task in proficient readers from 7th to 9th grades. Participants maintained greater accuracy in identifying targets in the left quadrants (top/bottom) when compared with the right quadrants (top/bottom), revealing a leftward bias in their responses. Effects of gender and age were evident on performance; females scored significantly higher than males, and 9th graders scored significantly higher than 7th and 8th graders. Thus, a substantial shift in brain maturation may take place from 8th to 9th grades or from the ages of 13.0 to 14.11. Discriminative characteristics of the task are analyzed by assigning greater value to targets located in the top left quadrant. The 9th graders, as compared to the younger students, and the girls, as compared to the boys, evidenced a reading-direction-related bias toward systematic preference for the upper-left to lower-right quadrants. 相似文献
178.
Papanicolaou AC Simos PG Castillo EM Breier JI Katz JS Wright AA 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2002,9(3):99-104
Recognition of words and kaleidoscope pictures showed a double dissociation of left and right hippocampal activity using magnetic source imaging (MSI). MSI has advantages over alternative imaging techniques that measure hemodynamic changes for identifying regional changes in brain activity in real time and on an individual subject basis without the need for image subtraction. In this study, lists of words or kaleidoscope pictures were presented for memorization followed by tests of list items and foils during which brain activity was recorded. There was greater activation in the left than the right hippocampus with abstract nouns (e.g., relief) and greater activation in the right than the left hippocampus with kaleidoscope pictures. This dissociation was evident on a case by case basis. This study demonstrates the specialization of the two medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions, including the hippocampi, for mnemonic processing of verbal and pictorial items that are difficult to encode verbally. 相似文献
179.
In order to develop an account of scientific rationality, two problems need to be addressed: (i) how to make sense of episodes
of theory change in science where the lack of a cumulative development is found, and (ii) how to accommodate cases of scientific
change where lack of consistency is involved. In this paper, we sketch a model of scientific rationality that accommodates
both problems. We first provide a framework within which it is possible to make sense of scientific revolutions, but which
still preserves some (partial) relations between old and new theories. The existence of these relations help to explain why
the break between different theories is never too radical as to make it impossible for one to interpret the process in perfectly
rational terms. We then defend the view that if scientific theories are taken to be quasi-true, and if the underlying logic
is paraconsistent, it’s perfectly rational for scientists and mathematicians to entertain inconsistent theories without triviality.
As a result, as opposed to what is demanded by traditional approaches to rationality, it’s not irrational to entertain inconsistent
theories. Finally, we conclude the paper by arguing that the view advanced here provides a new way of thinking about the foundations
of science. In particular, it extends in important respects both coherentist and foundationalist approaches to knowledge,
without the troubles that plague traditional views of scientific rationality. 相似文献
180.
Erickson and Kruschke (2002b) have shown that human subjects generalize category knowledge in a rule-like fashion when exposed
to a rule-plus-exception categorization task. This result has remained a challenge to exemplar models of category learning.
We show that these models can account for such performance, if they are augmented with exemplar-specific specificity or exemplar-specific
attention. This result, however, is only achieved if the choice rule that converts evidence for competing categories into
probabilities is sensitive to small differences between evidence values close to 0. Exemplar-specific attention provided the
best overall approximation of the data. Exemplar-specific specificity provided a slightly worse approximation, but it predicted
better the rule-like generalization pattern observed. 相似文献