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61.
People often do not realize they are being influenced by an incidental emotional state. As a result, decisions based on a fleeting incidental emotion can become the basis for future decisions and hence outlive the original cause for the behavior (i.e., the emotion itself). Using a sequence of ultimatum and dictator games, we provide empirical evidence for the enduring impact of transient emotions on economic decision making. Behavioral consistency and false consensus are presented as potential underlying processes. 相似文献
62.
Several naming studies show that distractor pictures, even when intentionally ignored by the speaker, are still capable of
activating their respective phonological representations. However results from word translation studies suggest that distractor
pictures are only conceptually activated. Here we tested the reliability of the word translation results. In four experiments,
bilingual participants translated words from one language to the other one while ignoring the presentation of pictures. In
Experiment 1a phonological related pictures sped up translation latencies. However, the effect disappeared when the percentage
of related trials was reduced (Experiment 1b). In Experiment 2a translation latencies were faster when the words were accompanied
by semantically related pictures than by unrelated pictures. Importantly, the effect was still reliable when the proportion
of related trials was reduced and the total number of semantic categories was increased (Experiment 2b). Theoretical implications
of the influence of distractor pictures during speech production are discussed. 相似文献
63.
64.
We tested the hypothesis that ruminating about a previous aggressive prime interacts with a subsequent minor frustration to augment aggression. Sixty participants watched a video showing a murder during a bank robbery (the aggressive prime). Those in the rumination condition were asked to write about the video for 20 min. In the no rumination condition, participants were given 20 min to complete an irrelevant task. Participants were then either frustrated or not frustrated. Our results supported the main hypothesis. Relative to the control condition, neither rumination nor frustration alone impacted aggression. Rumination, in combination with a minor frustration, however, increased the recommended prison sentence towards the targets. We discuss the implications of our findings. 相似文献
65.
66.
Eduardo D. Faingold 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》1996,25(5):515-526
This paper studies phonological processes and constraints on early phonological and lexical development, as well as the strategies employed by a young Spanish-, Portuguese-, and Hebrew-speaking child—Nurit (the author's niece)—in the construction of her early lexicon. Nurit's linguistic development is compared to that of another Spanish-, Portuguese-, and Hebrew-speaking child—Noam (the author's son). Noam and Nurit's linguistic development is contrasted to that of Berman's (1977) English- and Hebrew-speaking daughter (Shelli). The simultaneous acquisition of similar (closely related languages) such as Spanish and Portuguese versus that of nonrelated languages such as English and Hebrew yields different results: Children acquiring similar languages seem to prefer maintenance as a strategy for the construction of their early lexicon, while children exposed to nonrelated languages appear to prefer reduction to a large extent (Faingold, 1990). The Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking children's high accuracy stems from a wider choice of target words, where the diachronic development of two closely related languages provides a simplified model lexicon to the child. 相似文献
67.
de Oliveira AR Reimer AE de Macedo CE de Carvalho MC Silva MA Brandão ML 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2011,95(1):37-45
Excitation of the mesocorticolimbic pathway, originating from dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), may be important for the development of exaggerated fear responding. Among the forebrain regions innervated by this pathway, the amygdala is an essential component of the neural circuitry of conditioned fear. The functional role of the dopaminergic pathway connecting the VTA to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in fear and anxiety has received little attention. In vivo microdialysis was performed to measure dopamine levels in the BLA of Wistar rats that received the dopamine D(2) agonist quinpirole (1 μg/0.2 μl) into the VTA and were subjected to a fear conditioning test using a light as the conditioned stimulus (CS). The effects of intra-BLA injections of the D(1) antagonist SCH 23390 (1 and 2 μg/0.2 μl) and D(2) antagonist sulpiride (1 and 2 μg/0.2 μl) on fear-potentiated startle (FPS) to a light-CS were also assessed. Locomotor performance was evaluated by use of open-field and rotarod tests. Freezing and increased dopamine levels in the BLA in response to the CS were both inhibited by intra-VTA quinpirole. Whereas intra-BLA SCH 23390 did not affect FPS, intra-BLA sulpiride (2 μg) inhibited FPS. Sulpiride's ability to decrease FPS cannot be attributed to nonspecific effects because this drug did not affect motor performance. These findings indicate that the dopamine D(2) receptor pathway connecting the ventral tegmental area and the basolateral amygdala modulates fear and anxiety and may be a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of anxiety. 相似文献
68.
Clarissa Marceli Trentini Eduardo Chachamovich Gabriela Peretti Wagner Daniela Helena M��ller Vania Naomi Hirakata Marcelo Pio de Almeida Fleck 《Applied research in quality of life》2011,6(3):291-309
The aim of the present study was to identify relevant variables associated with Quality of Life (QoL) in older adults. Older
adults, up to 60 years old, were interviewed. Subjects were recruited through convenience sampling. 339 paticipants, who were
stratified by gender, age, and subjective perception of health and illness, answered questions on sociodemographic issues,
QoL (WHOQOL-100) and depressive symptomathology (Beck Depression Inventory—BDI). The multiple linear regression analysis showed
associations of overall perception of QoL with depression levels, subjective perception of health status and gender. The individual
analysis of each domain concluded that depression levels are correlated to all QoL domains, while health status was associated
with physical, psychological, independence level and social relationship domains. Other variables were also assessed. The
assessment of older adults concerning their QoL perceptions is associated with gender, age, marital status, social class,
literacy rate, perception of health, and more substantially associated with depressive symptoms levels. Nevertheless, some
limitations of this study and further ones are suggested. 相似文献
69.
Strong cross-modal interactions exist between visual and auditory processing. The relative contributions of perceptual versus decision-related processes to such interactions are only beginning to be understood. We used methodological and statistical approaches to control for potential decision-related contributions such as response interference, decisional criterion shift, and strategy selection. Participants were presented with rising-, falling-, and constant-amplitude sounds and were asked to detect change (increase or decrease) in sound amplitude while ignoring an irrelevant visual cue of a disk that grew, shrank, or stayed constant in size. Across two experiments, testing context was manipulated by varying the grouping of visual cues during testing, and cross-modal congruency showed independent perceptual and decision-related effects. Whereas a change in testing context greatly affected criterion shifts, cross-modal effects on perceptual sensitivity remained relatively consistent. In general, participants were more sensitive to increases in sound amplitude and less sensitive to sounds paired with dynamic visual cues. As compared with incongruent visual cues, congruent cues enhanced detection of amplitude decreases, but not increases. These findings suggest that the relative contributions of perceptual and decisional processing and the impacts of these processes on cross-modal interactions can vary significantly depending on asymmetries in within-modal processing, as well as consistencies in cross-modal dynamics. 相似文献
70.
Zardaín Tamargo E del Valle Gómez Mdel O López González ML García Cueto E 《Psicothema》2006,18(4):778-784
Pharmacotherapy follow-up (PTF) is the professional practice in which the pharmacist takes charge of the needs of the patients related to their drugs. OBJECTIVE: To validate a questionnaire to measure the ASE psychosocial determinants (attitude, social influence, self-efficacy) of PTF and the Prochaska & DiClemente's stage of change in Spanish community pharmacists. METHOD: Postal survey to 482 Asturian community pharmacists (test and retest). Validity was estimated in 134 pharmacists answering the test. Stability was estimated in 85 pharmacists answering the test and retest. Exploratory factorial analysis was used to investigate construct validity and produced 4 factors and 104 items. Those factors had high reliability (Cronbach's a between 0,87 and 0,96). DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY: Pharmacists in extreme stages of change showed significant differences of attitude, motivation and self-efficacy. Repeatability was good and the questionnaire appears valid and reliable. 相似文献