A monte carlo investigation of recovery of structure by alscal

A Monte Carlo study was carried out to investigate the ability of ALSCAL to recover true structure inherent in simulated proximity measures. The nature of the simulated data varied according to (a) number of stimuli, (b) number of individuals, (c) number of dimensions, and (d) level of random error. Four aspects of recovery were studied: (a) SSTRESS, (b) recovery of true distances, (c) recovery of stimulus dimensions, and (d) recovery of individual weights. Results indicated that all four measures were rather strongly affected by random error. Also, SSTRESS improved with fewer stimuli in more dimensions, but the other three indices behaved in the opposite fashion. Most importantly, it was found that the number of individuals, over the range studied, did not have a substantial effect on any of the four measures of recovery. Practical implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.The authors wish to thank Drs. Forrest W. Young, Paul D. Isaac and Thomas E. Nygren, who provided many helpful comments during this project.     

A simplified punch card method of determining sums of squares and sums of products

A simplified method of obtaining sums of squares and sums of cross products by the use of punch card equipment is described. Application of the method has revealed several advantages, which are noted.     

JOB ANALYSIS MODELS AND JOB CLASSIFICATION

Recent research in job classification has focused on the appropriate data analysis model for analyzing the similarities and differences among jobs. In the present research, the data analysis model is held constant, and the type of job analysis data is varied to examine the effect on the resulting job classification decisions. Seven foremen jobs in a chemical processing plant were analyzed using three different levels of job analysis data: task-oriented, worker-oriented, and abilities-oriented. All three sets of data were analyzed using the same hierarchical clustering procedure. Results indicated that the number and type of resulting job clusters was clearly dictated by the type of job analysis data that was used to compare the foremen jobs. Practical implications of these findings are presented.     

The effect of Method Variance on Relationships Between the Work Ethic and Individual Difference Variables

A great deal of research relating the work ethic to other individual difference variables has been conducted using questionnaires to measure all the variables. Many researchers believe that using a single method of measurement for multiple constructs results in artificially inflated correlations. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the work ethic, locus of control, and conscientiousness reveals that approximately 16% of the variance in measures of these constructs is a function of the method of measurement. This suggests that correlations in work ethic research based on only one method of measurement may be overstated.     

Reducing HIV risk-associated sexual behavior among african american adolescents: Testing the generality of intervention effects

This randomized controlled trial tested the effects of a theory-based culture-sensitive HIV risk-reduction intervention among 496 inner-city African American adolescents (mean age = 13 years) and examined the generality of its effects as a function of the facilitator's race and gender and the gender composition of the intervention group. Adolescents who received the HIV risk-reduction intervention expressed more favorable behavioral beliefs about condoms, greater self-efficacy, and stronger condom-use intentions postintervention than did those who received a control intervention on other health issues. Six-month follow-up data collected on 93% of the adolescents revealed that those who received the HIV risk-reduction intervention reported less HIV risk-associated sexual behavior, including unprotected coitus, than did their counterparts in the control condition. Self-reported sexual behavior and changes in self-reported behavior were unrelated to scores on a standard measure of social desirability response bias. There was strong evidence for the generality of intervention effects. Moderator analyses testing eight specific interaction hypotheses and correlational analyses indicated that the effects of the HIV risk-reduction intervention did not vary as a function of the facilitator's race or gender, participant's gender, or the gender composition of the intervention group. This research was supported in part by grants from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD24921), the National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH45668), and the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada. The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions to this research of Margaret Bleier, Daria Boccher-Lattimore, Nancy L. Moore, Tatiana Perrino, Paul Pintella, and Fran Rosenfeld and the helpful suggestions of Isabel Fernandez, Caryn Lerman, and Ann O'Leary regarding an earlier version of this article.     

“On the margins”: A dialogue with Andrew Greeley

This dialogue is between two priests who share common interests from different perspectives. One is an Episcopalian and a psychoanalytic psychotherapist. The other is a Roman Catholic and a sociologist widely known for his controversial novels and political commentaries. Their conversation primarily focuses on the latter's ministry—especially his investigations into paranormal experiences and his use of fiction as a homiletical avenue. They also discuss: Christian atheism; the Resurrection as a metaphor; Real Presence and liturgical sensibility; contemporary ecumenical trends; celibacy and tenures of active ministry; sexual equality and population control; religious addiction; and examples of the mythic impact of cinema.Diplomate of the American Association of Pastoral Counselors and the Book Review Editor of thisJournal. The interview is part of a series that will be published in a volume entitledDialogues in Depth Psychology and Religion.     

The Impact of AIDS on Gender Differences in Willingness to Engage in Casual Sex

The AIDS epidemic has had little impact on the gender differences in willingness to engage in casual sex encountered by dark and Hatfield (1989) 10 years ago. Whereas both men and women were willing to data a stranger, it was only the males who were willing to go to a female's apartment or to bed with her. These results from two experiments are consistent with the sociobiological framework. In addition, the results of Experiment 2 indicated that females were not saying no due to a concern for personal safety.     

Envy: One or many?

This paper reports conceptual and clinical research about envy. It consists of an examination and comparison of Klein's points of view of 1952, where the feeling of exclusion from the envious object is stressed, and of 1957, based on the split death instinct that is projected onto the envied object. These two approaches are contrasted with the point of view of the author, where envy is understood as the result of a particular kind of object relation, in which the subject registers an asymmetry with its peer, that he considers unfair, due to the biased action of an idealized omnipotent object, on whom the subject depends and that gives to the envied one, and deceives the envious one, leading to experiencing a compound of emotions: hatred, love, sense of unfairness, wish of revenge, helplessness and incapacity of the subject to provide for himself. The mental state just described emerges from clinical observations, and is illustrated with the passage from the Bible where Abel, the envied one, is killed by Cain, the envious one, showing their relationship with Jehovah, biased in his preferences, a situation designated by the author as 'Cain's complex'. In this paper some considerations are also made concerning the modalities of envy: penis envy in women, the relationship between envy and narcissism, the difference between envy and jealousy, and the interpretative handling of envy. To answer the question posed in the title, the conclusion is that envy presents a central nucleus with different elaborative branches.