离经叛道的“科学家”（二）

苏联解体后，人们精神空虚，社会上人心涣散，一片混乱。伪科学借此大行其道，一些不学无术的骗子，傲慢地夸夸其谈，以“新科学”的名义到处张扬，新闻媒体推波助澜。这些声称离经叛道的“科学家”构成了俄罗斯近几年来，伪科学强大的、有组织的努力。     

Comparison based satisfaction: contrast and empathy

The paper (1) presents a new contrast–empathy model to capture affective reactions following a social comparison, and (2) supports the applicability of the value function to social comparisons. Relationship quality and relevance of the comparison dimension are assumed to influence the interplay between contrast and empathy effects. The application of the value function to the contrast–empathy model leads to the predictions that (a) dissatisfaction looms larger than satisfaction and that (b) pity looms larger than empathetic joy. Three studies test the validity of the contrast empathy model. In all studies participants rated their satisfaction with income comparisons. Study 1 demonstrates the applicability of the value function to social comparisons. Study 2 extends the self‐evaluation model and supports the validity of the contrast–empathy model. Study 3 replicates parts of Study 2 in a between‐subjects design. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Contribution of visual and semantic proximity to identification performance in a viral encephalitis patient

Identification deficits were investigated in F.S., a patient with herpes simplex viral encephalitis. F.S.'s confrontation naming abilities were assessed for multiple repetitions of 12 line drawings of artifacts. Six of the line drawings consisted of psychologically "close" objects (i.e., objects that share many visual and semantic features with other objects) and 6 were psychologically "disparate" objects (i.e., objects that share few, if any, visual and semantic features with other objects). F.S. correctly named all of the objects from the "disparate" category but only 47% of the objects from the "close" category. We also tested F.S. using novel, computer-generated shapes that were paired with artifact labels. We paired semantically close or disparate labels to shapes and F.S. attempted to learn these pairings. Overall, F.S.'s shape-label confusions were most detrimentally affected when we used labels that referred to objects that were visually close and semantically distinct. Results indicate that, at least for our patient, visual similarity contributed the most to his identification errors.     

Realization, Reduction And Psychological Autonomy

It is often thought that the computational paradigm provides a supporting case for the theoretical autonomy of the science of mind. However, I argue that computation is in fact incompatible with this alleged aspect of intentional explanation, and hence the foundational assumptions of orthodox cognitive science are mutually unstable. The most plausible way to relieve these foundational tensions is to relinquish the idea that the psychological level enjoys some special form of theoretical sovereignty. So, in contrast to well known antireductionist views based on multiple realizability, I argue that the primary goal of a computational approach to the mind should be to facilitate a translation of the psychological to the neurophysiological.     

The Combined Effect of Neuropsychological and Neuropathological Deficits on Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: a Systematic Review

To date, studies have consistently demonstrated associations between either neuropsychological deficits or neuroanatomical changes and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in aging. Only a limited number of studies have evaluated morphological brain changes and neuropsychological test performance concurrently in relation to IADL in this population. As a result, it remains largely unknown whether these factors independently predict functional outcome. The current systematic review intended to address this lack of information by reviewing the literature on older adults, incorporating studies that examined e.g., normal aging, but also stroke or dementia patients. A comprehensive search of databases (Pubmed, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, PsycINFO) and reference lists was performed, focusing on papers in the English language that examined the combined effect of neuropsychological and neuroanatomical factors on IADL in samples of adults with an average age above 50. In total, 58 potential articles were identified; 20 were included in the review. The results show that especially neuropsychological variables (primarily memory and executive functions) independently predict IADL. Although some unique predictive value of brain morphological changes, such as hippocampal atrophy, was found, support for the importance of white matter changes was limited. However, the results of the studies reviewed are diverse, and appear to be at least partially determined by the variables included. For example, studies were less likely to find an independent effect of cognition if they solely employed a cognitive screening instrument. This indicates that a structured examination of neuroanatomical and neuropsychological correlates of IADL in different patient populations is warranted.     

Establishing Standards for Basketball Elite Referees' Decisions

Basketball referees' decisions in ambiguous situations are supposed to adhere to common standards. We propose that standards can be established by video training-programs. Thirty-three German elite basketball referees participated in an online experiment. Feedback during a learning phase influenced decisions (foul vs. no call) in a subsequent test phase. These results provide a starting point for further investigations into establishing standards for referees. They suggest that establishing standards for referees' decisions in ambiguous situations may be a worthwhile approach for improving the quality of referees' decisions.     

A Video-Based Training Method for Improving Soccer Referees’ Intuitive Decision-Making Skills

The purpose of this study was to investigate coaches’ perceptions on the impact of a coach training program designed to promote youth developmental outcomes. Participants were coaches of youth sport teams. Multiple methods were used to collect data. Coaches reported many benefits for themselves, their athletes, and their teams. They reported an increase in knowledge and a better understanding of their players. Participants perceived that the activities promoted cohesion and communication, while also contributing to the development of athlete competence, confidence, connection, and character/caring. The results provide guidance for creating and delivering coach training programs designed to promote youth developmental outcomes.