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231.
Edmund T. Rolls 《Journal of Neuropsychology》2008,2(2):325-360
Neurophysiological evidence is described showing that some neurons in the macaque inferior temporal visual cortex have responses that are invariant with respect to the position, size, view, and spatial frequency of faces and objects, and that these neurons show rapid processing and rapid learning. Critical band spatial frequency masking is shown to be a property of these face‐selective neurons and of the human visual perception of faces. Which face or object is present is encoded using a distributed representation in which each neuron conveys independent information in its firing rate, with little information evident in the relative time of firing of different neurons. This ensemble encoding has the advantages of maximizing the information in the representation useful for discrimination between stimuli using a simple weighted sum of the neuronal firing by the receiving neurons, generalization, and graceful degradation. These invariant representations are ideally suited to provide the inputs to brain regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala that learn the reinforcement associations of an individual's face, for then the learning, and the appropriate social and emotional responses generalize to other views of the same face. A theory is described of how such invariant representations may be produced by self‐organizing learning in a hierarchically organized set of visual cortical areas with convergent connectivity. The theory utilizes either temporal or spatial continuity with an associative synaptic modification rule. Another population of neurons in the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus encodes other aspects of faces such as face expression, eye‐gaze, face view, and whether the head is moving. These neurons thus provide important additional inputs to parts of the brain such as the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala that are involved in social communication and emotional behaviour. Outputs of these systems reach the amygdala, in which face‐selective neurons are found, and also the orbitofrontal cortex, in which some neurons are tuned to face identity and others to face expression. In humans, activation of the orbitofrontal cortex is found when a change of face expression acts as a social signal that behaviour should change; and damage to the human orbitofrontal and pregenual cingulate cortex can impair face and voice expression identification, and also the reversal of emotional behaviour that normally occurs when reinforcers are reversed. 相似文献
232.
Stevens SE Sonuga-Barke EJ Kreppner JM Beckett C Castle J Colvert E Groothues C Hawkins A Rutter M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(3):385-398
The current study examined the persistence and phenotypic presentation of inattention/overactivity (I/O) into early adolescence,
in a sample of institution reared (IR) children adopted from Romania before the age of 43 months. Total sample comprised 144
IR and 21 non-IR Romanian adoptees, and a comparison group of 52 within-UK adoptees, assessed at ages 6 and 11 years. I/O
was rated using Rutter Scales completed by parents and teachers. I/O continued to be strongly associated with institutional
deprivation, with continuities between ages 6 and 11 outcomes. There were higher rates of deprivation-related I/O in boys
than girls, and I/O was strongly associated with conduct problems, disinhibited attachment and executive function but not
IQ more generally, independently of gender. Deprivation-related I/O shares many common features with ADHD, despite its different
etiology and putative developmental mechanisms. I/O is a persistent domain of impairment following early institutional deprivation
of 6 months or more, suggesting there may be a possible pathway to impairment through some form of neuro-developmental programming
during critical periods of early development. 相似文献
233.
Colvert E Rutter M Kreppner J Beckett C Castle J Groothues C Hawkins A Stevens S Sonuga-Barke EJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(7):1057-1068
Theory of Mind (ToM) and Executive Function (EF) have been associated with autism and with attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), and hence might play a role in similar syndromes found following profound early institutional deprivation.
In order to examine this possibility the current study included a group of 165 Romanian adoptees, of whom 144 were adopted
into the UK from deprived institutional settings before 43months of age, and a group of 52 within-UK adoptees, all adopted
before 6months of age. Both groups were assessed at 6 and 11years. The Strange Stories task was used to assess ToM and the
Stroop task was used to assess EF, both at age 11. The Romanian adoptees displayed deficits in both ToM and EF compared with
the within-UK adoptee group. The degree of deficit was greater for children who had experienced more than 6months of institutional
deprivation. Deficits in both domains (ToM and EF) were associated with each of the three apparently deprivation-specific
problems, namely quasi-autism, disinhibited attachment and inattention/overactivity. Statistical analyses indicated a mediating
role for both ToM and EF with respect to quasi-autism; possibly a partial mediating role for EF with respect to inattention/overactivity;
and probably no mediating role for either ToM or EF in the case of disinhibited attachment. In conclusion, there is evidence
for a possible mediating role for ToM and EF in the development of some apparently deprivation-specific difficulties in institution-reared
Romanian adoptees, but neither accounts for the overall pattern of deprivation-related difficulties. 相似文献
234.
The current study investigated whether physical anxiety sensitivity (AS) is associated with selective attentional biases to affective stimuli in children. The dot-probe paradigm was used to examine the deployment of attention towards words pertaining to anxiety symptomatology, socially threatening words, and positive words, in samples of 8-10-year-old children. Word pairs were presented under both masked and unmasked conditions. Irrespective of masking, children high in physical AS displayed an attentional vigilance for emotional words relative to neutral words, whereas those low in physical AS displayed a relative avoidance of such material. The results of this study are interesting as they not only suggest the presence of automatic AS-related biases in childhood, but that this is a general emotionality bias rather than one related to specific anxiety-related stimuli. 相似文献
235.
236.
237.
Edmund Henden 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2007,10(4):339-352
There have been different interpretations of satisficing rationality. A common view is that it is sometimes rationally permitted
to choose an option one judges is good enough even when one does not know that it is the best option. But there is available
a more radical view of satisficing. On this view, it is rationally permitted to choose an option one judges is good enough
even when a better option is known to be available. In this paper I distinguish between two possible interpretations of ‘genuine’
satisficing, a de re and a de dicto interpretation. I then argue that while de re genuine satisficing is always irrational,
de dicto genuine satisficing might be rationally permissible. In fact, de dicto genuine satisficing does not appear to be
covered by existing accounts of satisficing behaviour.
相似文献
Edmund HendenEmail: |
238.
239.
To investigate how time perception may contribute to the symptoms of self-harming Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) patients, 19 self-harming BPD inpatients and 39 normal controls were given measures of time perception, impulsivity, personality, emotion, and BPD characteristics. A test sensitive to orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) function ("Frontal" Behavior Questionnaire) was also administered, as the OFC has been associated with impulsivity and time perception. BPD patients produced less time than controls, and this correlated with impulsiveness and other characteristics commonly associated with BPD. BPD patients were also less conscientious, extraverted, and open to experience, as well as more impulsive (self-report and behaviorally), emotional, neurotic, and reported more BPD characteristics, compared to controls. The results suggest that some of these core characteristics of BPD may be on a continuum with the normal population and, impulsivity in particular, may be related to time perception deficits (i.e., a faster subjective sense of time). Finally, BPD patients scored higher on the Frontal Behavior Questionnaire, suggesting that some symptoms of the BPD syndrome may be related to problems associated with the OFC. A control spatial working memory task (SWM) revealed that SWM deficits could not explain any of the BPD patients' poor performance. While impulsivity was correlated with time perception across all participants, emotionality, introversion, and lack of openness to experience were not. This suggests that different symptoms of the borderline personality syndrome may be separable, and therefore, related to different cognitive deficits, and potentially to different brain systems. This may have important implications for treatment strategies for BPD. 相似文献
240.
In five experiments, we investigated college students' use of base rate and case cue information in estimating likelihood. The participants reported that case cues were more important than base rates, except when the case cues were totally uninformative, and made more use of base rate information when the base rates were varied within subjects, rather than between subjects. Estimates were more Bayesian when base rate and case cue information was congruent, rather than contradictory. The nature of the "witness" in case cue information (animate or inanimate) did not affect the use of base rate and case cue information. Multiple trials with feedback led to more accurate estimates; however, this effect was not lasting. The results suggest that when base rate information is made salient by experience (multiple trials and within-subjects variation) or by other manipulations, base rate neglect is minimized. 相似文献