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101.
Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
The hypothesis that Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) reflects a primary inhibitory executive function deficit has spurred a substantial literature. However, empirical findings and methodological issues challenge the etiologic primacy of inhibitory and executive deficits in ADHD. Based on accumulating evidence of increased intra-individual variability in ADHD, we reconsider executive dysfunction in light of distinctions between 'hot' and 'cool' executive function measures. We propose an integrative model that incorporates new neuroanatomical findings and emphasizes the interactions between parallel processing pathways as potential loci for dysfunction. Such a reconceptualization provides a means to transcend the limits of current models of executive dysfunction in ADHD and suggests a plan for future research on cognition grounded in neurophysiological and developmental considerations. 相似文献
102.
Dynamic aspects of stimulus-response correspondence: evidence for two mechanisms involved in the Simon effect 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Wiegand K Wascher E 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2005,31(3):453-464
It has been recently proposed that the time course of the Simon effect may vary across tasks, which might reflect different types of stimulus-response (S-R) transmissions (E. Wascher, U. Schatz, T. Kuder, & R. Verleger, 2001). The authors tested this notion in 4 experiments by comparing Simon effects evoked by horizontal and vertical S-R arrangements. The temporal properties of the effect, as well as lateralized readiness potential-difference waves, indicated a fast and transient influence of the horizontal, but a slow and sustained influence of the vertical spatial stimulus feature on performance. Additional evidence for this temporal dissociation was obtained in experiments that induced a shortening or lengthening of the mean response time. Thus, the data strongly indicate that there are 2 temporally dissociable mechanisms involved in generating the Simon effect for horizontal and vertical S-R relations. 相似文献
103.
104.
105.
Pellegrino ED 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2005,26(6):469-486
Moral absolutes have little or no moral standing in our morally diverse modern society. Moral relativism is far more palatable
for most ethicists and to the public at large. Yet, when pressed, every moral relativist will finally admit that there are
some things which ought never be done. It is the rarest of moral relativists that will take rape, murder, theft, child sacrifice
as morally neutral choices.
In general ethics, the list of those things that must never be done will vary from person to person. In clinical ethics, however,
the nature of the physician–patient relationship is such that certain moral absolutes are essential to the attainment of the
good of the patient – the end of the relationship itself. These are all derivatives of the first moral absolute of all morality:
Do good and avoid evil. In the clinical encounter, this absolute entails several subsidiary absolutes – act for the good of
the patient, do not kill, keep promises, protect the dignity of the patient, do not lie, avoid complicity with evil. Each
absolute is intrinsic to the healing and helping ends of the clinical encounter. 相似文献
106.
Theory and evidence proposing illumination, and therefore necessarily angle of incidence of light, as a perceptual cue for lightness judgments are described. In two experiments, angle of incidence was varied by having 46 Ss view an upright trapezoid that monocularly appeared flat and binocularly, upright. In the first experiment, numbers of cues to the direction of a fixed source above the trapezoid were varied and combined. In a second experiment, the background for an illumination gradient was varied. Angle of incidence and cues to the location of the source did predict the trends in lightness judgments but not the magnitude of the effects. An alternative explanation to cue theory is proposed. 相似文献
107.
108.
Margaret Bennett-Brown Amanda N. Gesselman Emmanuel Edmund 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2023,17(8):e12772
In the U.S., the COVID-19 pandemic has been highly politicized and has been the subject of large-scale media misinformation. Personal ideologies—including religiosity and political leanings (i.e., conservative, liberal)—have heavily guided responses to the pandemic, particularly in the Southern United States. However, microenvironments like Southern U.S. universities provide a unique perspective into the juxtaposition of larger societal conservatism and the liberalism associated with higher education. In the current study, we examined Southern university students' political beliefs, religiosity, and social media exposure in association with their COVID-19 attitudes, cognitions, and behaviors. Participants' political beliefs were associated with their COVID-19 concern, myth acceptance, vaccination status, and likelihood to receive a future vaccination. Religiosity and social media exposure were more nuanced. Future research into personal ideologies as emerging adults develop their independent identities away from their parents, and how this process can impact health behaviors, is needed. 相似文献
109.
Twenty-four college students participated in an experiment with stimulus compounds. Subjects learned to discriminate color stimuli that correlated with varying probabilities of reinforcement. Reinforcement consisted of points. For all subjects, two colors signaled a .80 reinforcement probability, and two others signaled a .20 probability. For compound-trained subjects, a fifth compound stimulus (composed of a high-probability color and a low-probability color) was correlated with a .10 reinforcement probability. During testing, interspersed probe trials required subjects to choose between two alternatives: a compound stimulus and either one of its constituent stimuli. Compound-untrained subjects preferred the compound over either individual stimulus, thus showing response summation. However, compound-trained subjects, having had experience with an exemplar compound, showed significantly lower choice proportions for a test compound, indicating that subjects’ responding to novel stimulus compounds is modifiable by experience with a single similar compound. 相似文献
110.
Edmund L. Erde 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》1995,16(3):239-252
I assess the ethical content of Philip Roth's account of his father's final years with, and death from, a tumor. I apply this to criticisms of the nature and content of case reports in medicine. I also draw some implications about modernism, postmodernism and narrative understandings.A version of the first two sections of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Health and Human Values November 6, 1993, Washington, D.C. 相似文献